Homeless essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

homeless - Essay ExampleIf someone is being exonerated from an institution such as a hospital, where he has been living for the last month or more, and has neither a house to live after his discharge nor the required resources to buy or rent one.Recently, volunteers spent a whole night trying to take aim the number of homeless people living in Syracuse. The Homeless and Housing Vulnerable Task perpetrate traveled around the whole city counting the number of people kick the bucketing the night on streets. They in addition checked emergency shelters, parks, playgrounds, bus stands, and all other possible atomic number 18as where the homeless might spend the night. This year, it was the first time the Firefighting Department also helped in locating old and confiscated buildings where the homeless might scratch shelter. They counted out a total of 700 homeless people, which was a decrease by 37% since last year. At least the same rate of decrease is expected next year. (WTVH, 200 8)Homelessness has been a major cause of problems occurring in a society on a daily basis. Businessmen argon especially not capable with homeless people straying on the streets as it creates a bad image of their commercial enterprisees, and also they are often subjected to petty crimes committed by the homeless. Other people living in the society are also often frightened by the presence of panhandlers and complain the destruction of the societys beauty brought about by the homeless. Due to the problems mentioned above, law enforcement agencies like the police department receive perpetual calls from angry businessmen kick about the bad impact of homeless people on their businesses and ability to attract new business projects, and the crimes committed by them. In areas where vast numbers of homeless reside, theft occurs at a regular basis. Businesses are robbed and theft of easily tradable accessories like tools and metal scraps has widely spread. Therefore, the police have to b e extremely active in relation to the activities of the homeless. (Holderness, 1998)Along with the preceding problems, the community also faces the problem of large amounts of homeless people living and spending nights on tube stations. The up gradation and renovation of trains and subway stations done in order to attract people who lost hope in subway, also attracts helpless people who have no place else to go and wish to avoid crime and chagrin of public emergency shelters. Installation of air-conditioners has

Leisure and recreation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Leisure and recreation - Essay ExampleThe media boom has unimpeachably resulted in the active forms of entertainment taking a back seat.Leisure is time spent in non- haughty activities. Because leisure time is free from compulsory activities such as job, running a business, performing cursory chores, academics and separate routine tasks, it is frequently referred to as free time. The distinction between leisure and compulsory activities is not strict, as compulsory activities may be done for pleasure as well as for long-term utility1. Capitalist societies often hold a positive view towards active leisure activities. umteen active leisure activities choose an investment of time and money. Thus, it is more difficult for the e lesser permit to engage in such activities and they remain confined only to the affluent section of the inn. Capitalist societies often accord members who have more wealth with greater situation. Some types of inactive leisure that similarly require an i nvestment of time and money, such as doing nothing in a vacation atmosphere, ar also viewed positively.On the other hand, an individual who does nothing at home is often referred to as lazy by others in the capitalist society, regardless of their financial and socio-economic status. The wealthy person who does nothing but lounge around the pool at home is seen as lazy. However, the individuals financial investment helps assess the level of status an application can give a person. So it is that doing nothing by your own pool has higher status than doing nothing watching television without cable.The term Workaholics describes those who work compulsively at the expense of other activities. These individuals elect to work rather than spend time socializing and engaging in other leisure activities. galore(postnominal) see this as a necessary sacrifice to attain high-ranking corporate positions. However, these days increase attention is being given to the effects of such imbalance up on the worker and the family.Historically, workaholics would not have been considered a negative asset , rather they would have been highly commended in the US. In earlier days, American society was driven by the Protestant work ethic which was inspired by the Protestant preacher nates Calvin. There are a variety of Protestant sects that stem from Calvinism.A socialist society would in all likelihood tend to view activities that do not contribute to society in a negative manner. However, at that place are different forms of fabianism. According to Kent State University professor Marcus Verhaegh, there were Americans who believed in the concept of leisure socialism in the 1960s and 70s. The worldwide belief was that we live in a world of plenty. Thus, if everyone is content with a smaller piece of the pie, everyone can then have their basic needs met. If everyones basic needs are met, many in society can use their free time to pursue the arts, mysticism, athletics, various hobbi es and other leisure activities.Socialist writer E. Belfort Bax wrote in 1884 of a similar vision for socialist Europe in the article Socialism and the Sunday Question for Justice Again that work should be spread active so that everyone is provided with times of rest. His focus was on the elimination of one universal day of rest, but the general ideas are quite similar to those that emerged in nineteenth century America.Recreation is defined as the employment of time in a non-profitable way, in many ways also a therapeutic diversion of ones body

Design a programme plan focusing on the introduction of safe sharps Essay

Design a chopineme plan focusing on the debut of safe sharps mechanisms - Essay ExampleSharp injuries are common risks that are well recognized in the healthcare sector. Medical sharps that are contaminated with a patient blood can transmit pathogens that experience more than twenty diseases of inclusive of the deadly one such as HIV and hepatitis is B and C (Pike 1976). The main aim of this health program is to come up with new regulations and strategies that give supplement the already existing ones in the control and stripe of health issues that arises from sharps injury.In this health program plan we will Ewels and Simnet 2003 planning model to come up with a very concrete and elaborate healthcare program to control and prevent the health care issues that arises due to sharp injuries.An effective sharp injury prevention program includes several components that must work in concert to protect health workers in noetic institution and other medical centers from suffering injur ies that are caused by needlesticks and other sharps (Ewels & Simnett 2003). This program plan is intentional to be integrated into the existing infection control, performance improvement and safety programs in the various hospitals that aims at minimizing these tragedies (Linsley & Kane 2011). An institutional review of sharp injuries was conducted to help in determining the priorities in allocation of resource in this sharp prevention program. A review of about two hundred of sharp injuries that occur any year was analyzed and categorized into high, low or moderate.A total of 119 risks were considered to be moderate and the rest ninety were considered to be at the low risk of acquiring blood borne diseases while the rest could not be categorized (Perry & Robinson 2004). Epidemiological data on sharp injuries incident, including those circumstances that are associated with the occupational transmission system of the blood borne viruses, are very crucial elements in targeting an d evaluating intervention at the national and local level. The unfeigned magnitude of the

Different Types of Writing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Different Types of Writing - Essay ExampleEach of the above types of writing had unique requirements. This intensify the interactivity of the course since I carried out researches and brainstormed ideas with the view to constructive effective pieces. My strength is on research. I sleep with reading and I love science-based subjects. A read numerous books and articles on the internet and can, therefore, compile descriptive articles. I love justifying actions through provable scientific and psychological theories. With such abilities, I often wrote damp argumentative and expository essays than I did the narratives. As explained earlier, my greatest weaknesses include visualizing actions and creating fictional plots. My imagination remains restrict to the scientific theorems and observable realities. Such validated my in readiness to write effective narratives since the type of essay compulsory effective use of descriptive words coupled with an equally avid imagination in creating conflicts. My trounce reach was the argumentative essay. This type of essay requires one to carry out researches and adopt a postal service in an argument. After this, a writer must provide adequate support for his reasoning by giving rational thought and appropriate examples where necessary. The fact that such writings are neither proficient nor wrong makes the experience even more interesting. The quality of the papers relies on the authors ability to explain his thoughts effectively thus convincing the audience on a particular viewpoint. My worst work was on a narrative.

Mother Teresa Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Mother Teresa - Essay ExampleThis paper stresses that Mother Teresa was always lustful about missioner life and was able to locate any missionary on the map and evidence their service given at each place. This probably led later to becoming a missionary herself. Let us take two different theories of Personality Entity theory and Incremental theory and show to apply it to Mother Teresas life. Entity theory states that personal qualities, which are inherited or learnt from the parents or at home, are stable over the time. Incremental theory stresses that personal traits are changeable and can be developed over the time. This report makes a conclusion that she was much influenced by her mother for caring, loving and help young and old, rich and poor all alike and to believe in God and to pray. Her mother Drana do sure that her children never wasted their time and had a helping mentality towards the poor and needy. This was deep grow in Mother Teresas mind from her childhood and s tayed till her death. This supports the entity theory. It just kept improving and she do her area of service broader by treating the downhearted and the dying. Loving and caring for children and poor was innate in her. Treating the mold was an acquired skill though the urge to do so came from within. Mother Teresa believed that God asked her to take care of the slight privileged and thereafter she put her entire life into fulfilling Gods demand. So the aspect of treating the sick and dying can be attributed to the incremental theory.

Employment law and labour markets Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Employment law and labour markets - Essay ExampleHeadquartered in London,the Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development is an association of professionals in the management of human resources.Through its members experience and research, the CIPD is charged with the responsibility of representing the HR communitys interests in public policy. This is a significant aspect of the physical structure, because it has noble-minded itself as a representative organ for public policy alone, rather than political interest The body conducts research on all aspects that touch on the toying life, ranging from recruitment to productivity, the balance of life and work and employment law. It also concerns itself with coaching employers and employees in cross-cultural working and building a healthy descent between recruitment agencies and the HR community. These agendas culminate into the CIPDs flagship policy and goal of a commitment to principal better working lives and work in order to benefit the society, economies, business organizations as well as individuals (CIPD 2013b, p. 4). Using questions as subheadings, this appellative will be divided into three parts and discuss the sizeableness of this goal to different parties such as employees, trade unions, organizations and the government of the UK. It will further discuss ship canal in which organizations and other involved parties can work towards achieving the goal of better work and working lives. Finally, the assignment will point out and discuss the possible barriers that organizations face in trying to achieve the goal. wherefore do you think this goal is important for different parties to employment relationships? Since it affects a wide spectrum starting from recruitment time, the course of employees tenure and termination, CIPDs goal of better work and working lives is significant to all parties that ar involved in employment relationships. This is mainly because the experience of work and working li ves, as well as the concept of a shared purpose, is not only determined by the kind of work mass do, but also the way they are managed (Ellis 2012, p. 24). In this sense, management is viewed from the perspective of the HR department, organization aim and the legislation or the government. Another factor that makes this goal important is the unprecedented rate of economic changes, oddly after the international recession. This has presented a critical and urgent need to make sure that the way concourse work, the men and the workplace cultures are aligned with the contemporary world and support performance and future development (Williams & Adam-Smith 2010, p. 39). To reach that conclusion, the CIPD had observed that the economies and societies that people live in shape the character of work and working lives. They open that to achieve better work and working lives requires a mandatory understanding of the key trends that shape the societies, organizations and economies as well as their implications. Through the CIPD model, the involved parties have a clearer insight of what work entails, where and how it should be conducted, including trends and the changing skills that jobs require. The CIPD considers the parties involved to be the employers, employees, managers and their representatives. By embracing the goal, all parties will be at par with the invariably shifting career patterns, advances in technology and improved ways of working on a global level. CIPDs focus on the workforce through the goal also brings an insight into demographics, expectations, attitudes, generational shifts and the motif of changing skills and education and learning skills (CIPD 2013b, p. 5). Ultimately, the parties will be able to relate their understanding of this focus to the workplace. When the workforce understands the workplace culture, develops an attitude of engagement and trust, acknowledges and appreciates the way they organised, managed and developed, they become better placed to adapt and evolve with the

Appellate brief Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Appellate brief - bear witness ExampleUnfortunately, the trial court on February 14, 2009, denied accepting the suggestion. The trial court established that Under the circumstances, for both intents and purposes the suitcase was aband mavend. The defendant did not express a possessory interest in the suitcase at anytime afterward he learned its location. Having been abandoned, the defendant had no expectation of privacy in it or in its limit (Tr. At 40-41) (Congress 551). On March 6, 2009, Mr. Stewart shackled himself in a conditional guilty plea, determined to come upon his right to appeal by suppressing the judgment that was done against him (Doc. At 22) (Congress 551). The defendant was sentenced to 60 months imprisonment, followed up by 3 year period supervised release, on April 27, 2009. This is an appeal of the federal grand jurys judgment that was entered on April 29, 2009. Summary of Arguments This is not the first time a case of this form was appearing before the Cour t. The court case involving United States and Arango, 912 F.2d 441 (10th Cir. 1990), ruled that anybody who has the legal right to the possession of a personalised property has the legal rights to prevent other people from searching it. Other ruling in a similar case between the United States and Jones, 707 F.2d 1169, (10th Cir. 1983), ruled that in situations such as this of United States Vs Steward, no prior or related appeals are made (Congress 552). This case, therefore presents a brain of first stage Whether Mr. Stewart should be allowed to engage in an appeal system, or whether the Law Court should consider this case same(p) one which does not require prior or related appeals. Discussion The Anti-Drug Abuse Act of 1986 forget me drug that a 5- and 10-year mandatory-minimum penalty will be issued to any subject found possessing drugs with the purpose of distri exclusivelying depending on the genius and weights of the substances (Congress 539). Stewart was imprisoned for p ossessing 100 grams of heroine with objective of distributing. The court had earlier handled such two cases and gave rulings which are can servicing in understanding the case between United States Vs Stewart. The defendant is in a legitimate office staff as an American citizen, to defend his rights to appeal, so as to keep away other people from inspecting his property. scarcely this condition is not easy to determine, because the process the defendant went through was such a complicated one that required more time and consideration. The trial Court was legally right to deny Mr. Stewart an opportunity to engage in an appeal that was intended to dismiss the charges against him. According to the former judgment, any person who has legal ownership of a property through existing proofs such as documents are the ones who are entitled to take for apple if their assets are illegally inspected without their consents (Congress 539). It should also be noted that the property that can be defend should not be illegal, property like bags carrying heroine, cocaine, bang, guns and other illegal property can be inspected by security officers even if the owner denies accepting inspection. Mr. Stewart, defendant, only claimed that the suitcase was his without providing any evidence. This left a question for proving whether the luggage was legitimately his. Because he was the only person who claimed the ownership of the property, the security had no otherwise but charges him accountable as the owner of the bag. The Airport security

Alienation from society Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Alienation from society - Essay Exampleiestleys An inspector C on the wholes and Mark Haddons The Curious Incident Of The Dog In The Nigh-Time, both texts reveal derangement within about of the characters however Priestleys play only reveals the onset of alienation of the characters because of Mr. and Mrs. circumvolve conforming to the social norm of the era, man Haddons Christopher Boone faces alienation because he sees the world differently than most people.Priestley portrays both Mr. and Mrs. Birling with typical characteristics of the upper associate people in the early twentieth-century of English society which leads to the onset of alienation. Mr. and Mrs. Birling actions contradict with the term alienation from the Britannica Online Encyclopedia because they conform to the social norms of that time. Mr. Birling believes that ones destiny is under ones own control. Mr. Birling also believes that a man has to make his own path---has to visit after himself...and so long a s he does that he wont come to much harm (299). This suggests that Mr. Birling is a man who believes that everyone only needs to look after themselves and ignore what is going in society, which was a common belief of the upper class during that time. Mr. Birling fail to realize that he is living in a society where everyones actions towards each some other can have a negative influence towards other people, so he is unconsciously blockage himself from the rest of society. He believes that everyone should look after himself, thus the same can be said for the way Mr. Birling views the lower class people because he does not seem to care at all about the hardships of the tireers due to his belief that everything is in place and nothing needs to be done. Such genius was common for the upper class people at the time who believed in the status quo. To Mr. Birling the labor strike is nothing more than silly talk from the workers Last month, just because the miners came out on strike, the res a lot of wild talk about possible labor trouble in

Building construction for the fire service essay 2 (Brannigan &

Building construction for the go off service 2 (Brannigan & Corbett, 2008 - Essay ExampleIn addition, transporting or moving the set down fighting equipment to the building can be a problem as well (Schottke, 2012, p 34).High-rise fire requires huge resource compulsion allocation. This is because a balance has to be achieved among a military issue of factors at play. For instance, achieving a balance between evacuating the occupants from indoors the building as well as allocating the necessary resources to curb the fire before it grows and destroys the property or causes loss of life. It is important to acknowledge that high-rise building fire fighting requires a huge number of experienced fire fighting personnels as well as sophisticated fire fighting equipment that are very expensive. A lot of coordination between the fire fighting personnels is also required (Schottke, 2012, p 35).Time is an important factor in fire fighting. The shorter the time of fire evacuation, the bette r the result and the vice versa. High-rise buildings pose a challenge to get water on target. This is simply due to the height involved, and in addition, a lot of time is lost when coordinating the mixed steps before the actual fire fighting commences. This increases the impacts of the fire. It is also important to note that the water is employ vertically in most cases and hence reducing its effectiveness (Schottke, 2012, p 35).Fire fighting in high-rise buildings is a dangerous undertaking. It should be carried out by skilled personnels and alone after careful planning and consultation. The necessary equipments should as well be at play and should be used by specialized

Philosophy of leadership Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Philosophy of leaders - subsidisation ExampleI choose to work in organizations because I want to change the world, and feel that I trick have the most impact by aligning my effort with the purpose of others. I sop up as my purpose fostering the growth of knowledge, the development of people, and improvement of the common quality of life. This revolves round sealed guiding principles and values as well. As a leader, one is at the position to sit brook and let the Human Resource department, and totally relevant individuals dictate your leadership strategy. After all, you are worry serving customers and driving revenue. That is a mistake Since your success remains tied to having great talent and you bunk a major role in developing future leaders, you should take an effective role in shaping the leadership strategy. In addition, the foundation of a leadership strategy is a core leadership philosophy (Stogdill, 1955, 102). A leadership philosophy defines what it means to be a lead er and is unique to your company. It describes what leaders do and what is expected of them, and represents the basis for all leadership activity, including development, promotions, and movement. In many companies, the leadership philosophy is victimize and ill defined, but it may lay crafted through a series of interviews and consensus discussions with senior leaders (Sims, 2005, 88). at that place are many leadership theories. These revolve round trait approaches, contingency of situational models, transformational or charismatic models, and power. They all influence approaches in one way or another. The theories and associated research attempt to explain leader or follower behavior, characteristics, or personality. Some theories refer to the characteristics of the leader. For example, charismatic leaders tend to gain respect and trust. spirit theories on the other hand refer to the leaders traits such as integrity and ingenuousness (DAveni, 2002, 92). Leadership can encourage initiative as well. This lies in the readiness to act that channels strength into results. Hesitation often leads to missed opportunities, so leaders must often take the first look or meet a colleague who recognizes the opportunity. If people lay asked to take risks, leaders must support them if things do not go well. Often many failures lie experienced, in order to reap the reward, and the highway from idea to payoff can be long and unforgiving. I value personal courage, to overcome risk-aversion and hold integrity. Doing the right thing is not the easiest path often (Hodgkinson, 1983, 122). Doing something, new or enacting change can be difficult even for the visionary. I believe in the Stockdale paradox, that no matter how bleak our reality is, we must maintain faith that we will ultimately overcome and triumph. Thus, my influence as a leader can only be as great as I am resolute in times of trial (Bell, 1990, 123). The question of hiring new leaders against that of growi ng ones own lies best answered as a percentage, which can serve as a useful guide to how you recruit or nurture leaders. Many companies have an unstated philosophy that they want to grow their own leadership talent. However, what is the right swagger? Establishing this question as stated polish gives clarity to all involved, and should remain revisited every few years. If your goal is 25 percent new hires and 75 percent grow

How do my consultancy project develop my skills Essay

How do my consultancy project develop my skills - Essay typesetters caseWhile English was the common language of conversation, yet the group members had different dialects and accents. Working with this group heighten my ability to understand English when it is spoken in a conformation of accents.While doing this project, I had a detailed insight into the merits and demerits of group fly the coop. Some of the merits of group work include having a wider knowledge-base, having a variety of perspectives, and having a well-organized team to make a structured and well-thought approach toward the achievement of goals. Some of the demerits of group work include problems of communication, and conflicts originating in the contrast of opinions and beliefs. I have realized the importance of good leadership for qualification a group achieve its optimal potential in work. Our leader had a democratic appearance of leadership. He included all group members in the decision making process and sought their opinions. This gave a sense of increased participation and engagement in the decision making process to all group members and they felt respected. As a result, their motivation for work increased.A very important skill that I improved as a result of this project was time management. In the consultancy project, we had definite and well- place goals and milestones that had to be achieved deep down picky deadlines. While the milestones were numerous and the deadlines were close, we had limited resources to draw the help from. This imparted the need to be very particular about planning and scheduling so that the available resources could be made optimal use of.I made a Work Breakdown Structure (WBS) of the whole project in which I identified the key deliverables, work packages, and individual activities. I made the WBS on MS Project 2010. Having such(prenominal) a breakdown of the whole scope of the project enabled me to carefully assign the resources to each activity di stributively without over-allocating the resources. In the same way, after

Obesity and health clubs Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

obesity and wellness clubs - Essay ExampleThe reason for this could build been imputable to the rise in membership fees, which cipher for 75% to 85% of health club earnings. An alternative cause could be that health clubs are expending less than before, which accounts for a decrease in company expenditure. According to a report by Mintel (2011), the health and fitness club market has 5.33 million users, and as previously mentioned, this figure is predicted to increase with the upcoming Olympics. market Trends The health club market has had some positive turns due to increasing awareness of obesity problems, and negative turns due to the economic crisis. Obesity In the UK, the high rate of obesity is a very atrocious problem that requires action to be taken. The following statistics by Keynote (2011) are obesity predictions for 2050 60% of men, 50% of women, and 25% of children. This is a very large percentage of the population. In 2010 (confirm year), the government created a scheme in England called Change4Life, which aimed to change the lives of the population of England by altering diet and exercise habits. This public encouragement of exercise could have influenced the rise we now see in health club use. Public and Private Health Clubs However, due to the current economic crisis, it is becoming difficult for health club members to pay the annual fees. In addition, as people are looking to decrease spending, health clubs are likely to be considered unnecessary during with child(p) times, despite member loyalty. With an increase in government spending on health and welfare, public health clubs have seen improvements and increases in available resources. However, this does not benefit private health clubs like Virgin, which rely on membership numbers to generate profit. Distribution Health clubs provide a service in permute for payment of membership fees. Some clubs also charge a joining fee. Once fees are paid, members passel utilise the facilitie s as they please within the timeframe they have grease ones palmsd. Health clubs often have an additional placement where consumers can pay less for access to fewer facilities. At health clubs, members can also purchase items like water bottles or food, and often health-related products such as protein shakes and powder. Virgin Active is a drawing string of health clubs with 194 locations throughout South Africa, Italy, Spain, Portugal, Australia, and the United Kingdom. As of April 2011, Virgin Active had 69 health clubs in the UK, with a total of 265,000 members this averages at 3,841 members per club. The fee to join a Virgin Active health club ranges from a monthly fee of ?50 to ?90. Virgin Actives Competitors According to Mintel (2011), the leading fitness and health clubs in the industry in 2011 were David Lloyd with 450,000 adult members, Virgin Active with 419,000 adult members, Fitness origin with 400,000 adult members, DW Sports Fitness with 250,000 adult members, LA F itness with 215,000 adult members, Bannatyne Fitness 180,000 adult members, and Nuffield with 150,000 adult members. aft(prenominal) Virgin Actives purchase of the Esporta business, the company moved into second place

Deaf community Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

indifferent(p) community - Essay ExampleThey unremarkably feel that they argon primarily a linguistic minority and be not in any need of healing for their situations than are other minority groups much(prenominal) as Hispanics and Haitians.The deafen community has got social values and norms specific to their society, which are passed d give from superstar genesis to another and recruits its members in an exclusive style. Generally, human culture within Deaf community is passed down from one family to another. Since 90% of all deaf children have got two hearing parents, its only a minority of Deaf community members that obtain their distinctive social skills and cultural identity at their homes. Most children who are deaf learn about deaf culture, mostly from other children, in schools for the Deaf, dormitory draws and teachers. The Deaf community is very cohesive and nonetheless their cultural link is also very strong and usually a high percentage of the members, around 90% do marry within the group. Made up of individuals using the American Sign Language, as their basic way of communication, members of the Deaf community have oer their history of 150 years expanded a wealthy folklore and social life. Through their very own individual efforts to cater for their own wants, Deaf individuals have been able to organize national wide and multinational networks of religious, social, athletic scholarly, literary and dramatic organizations catering for local, national and international memberships. For instance, every other four years, the world Games for Deaf, that is (the Deaf Olympics) do coalesce athletes who are deaf from several countries for competition of international awards. There are other Deaf Organizations through which the Deaf community has impacted the societyGallaudet University-is the worlds leader in career development and liberal education for the deaf and other students hard of hearing. The university is

Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Movie Re get Examplemerican government activity appears to be largely stage dod by the affluent sections of the monastic order, in the climax it portrays a healthy movie of the American politics, where the leaders listen to the voice of their conscience and were the values like honesty, fairness, family bonding and justice manage to thrive over selfishness and untruth.3. The lesson that this movie tends to convey is that fundamentally the American politics is value driven. The mechanics and the material of the American politics and the man expectations are such that they tend to push back the fake and the selfish. though at a superficial level, many a time it may seem that the privileged sections of the society have a greater say in the political setup, eventually it is the strong undercurrent of justness and uprightness that always has a final say.1. convey You for Smoking, a 2005 film directed by Jason Rietman, is essentially about the exploits of a smooth and smart tobacco lobbyist Nick Naylor who uses his public speaking skills to win detain in the favor of smoking. The film depicts the ploys and schemes resorted to by Nick Naylor and his like minded friends to mould and influence the public and political opinion in favor of the causes that happen to be basically harmful to the public health.2.The view of the American politics as presented in thank You for Smoking is quiet negative and disturbing. In Thank You for Smoking the American politics comes out as a political system that is vulnerable to be managed and influenced by the people who are influential, powerful and deft public opinion managers. The American public is shown as an unsuspecting victim to the schemes of people who are not averse to lying and using faulty logic.3. magic spell State of the Union ends in the victory of the essential American values like honesty, integrity and justice, Thank You for Smoking tends to project the victory of the powerful and the unscrupulous over the desi red political values and

Descartes and David Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Descartes and David - Essay ExampleResearcher and philosopher would retain to decide whether to go where with which type of inquiry mode. Empirical method of inquiry to which Mr. David Hume belongs is basically the research which is establish on the direct experiences and observations made. This method is adopted usually to test a hypothesis drawn for a research. Hypothesis is the assessment of association of variables and phenomenon ga thered and drawn out of past studies. The word empirical itself agency facts collected after direct experiences and observations. The paper Dialogue Concerning Natural Religion by David Hume is portraying the beliefs and cognition gathering based on empirical method. David believes that knowledge comes from evidential base, so whether the religion beliefs are beneficial or wrong, and you drop say rational or not. By applying empirical method technique, David has to analyze whether there are enough proofs and valid arguments regarding existence of God or it is just rough a soulfulness born with a particular religion. Another benefit comes from empirical studies that you have to ask directly the related population of your research about the concerns of objectives. Empirical studies are basically divided into two main vast categories. They are Qualitative methods and Quantitative methods. Qualitative research is an analysis by interpretation of facts and information poised from interviews and questionnaires filled in by the population sample. The analysis made is without the involvement of any number and quantifiable material or aspect. Qualitative research is based on directly interacting with the community and asking about the views and belief for specific object. Quantitative research on the other hand is totally based on the measurements of facts, relations significance, number involvements etc. the phenomenon and all the collected facts are gathered in the way that they can be measured and quantified. Checking in th e strengths of empirical method in this paper let us hash out the methodology Hume adopted for the collection of religion beliefs facts. He did not ask if he could rationally found that God exist. Rather all should come to the conclusions demonstrating Gods nature. For the sake, he described three characteristics of divergent point of views Cleanthes, Demea and Philo. Interactions among the researchers and believers enabled the information to give fruitful and reliable results of topics. Quantitative methods are strongly beneficial for the husking of facts related to measurable research like finance, economic integrations, and scientific facts. But this method cannot work expeditiously in the research of human beliefs and views about a real truth. For this purpose of exploration about people thoughts and beliefs on universal truth direct interactions, interviews focus group discussions and arguments are best ways to analyze. This method is called Qualitative method as discussed above. Empirical studies give best results in the research of economic and finance related topics by means of quantitative methods. And political science, philosophies, universal truths etc tends to come out more beneficial through Qualitative methods. Understanding and gathering of knowledge comes from researching each fact and figure related to them. And research expertise comes from holding complete command on the methods of research e.g. metaphysical method of inquiry, empirical methods of inquiry etc. These techniques help a lot in

Great Expectations Essay Example for Free

bully Expectations EssayWhat Picture Of Childhood Does Charles Dickens Create In The First Section of Great Expectations?In 1861, when Dickens embarked upon telling the novel Great Expectations, the country was riveted. Theyd hasten to read the next weekly part which was full of drama and, more than main(prenominal)ly, the egresss which Dickens urged to convey throughout the novel. Strong feelings were rooted to his childhood where he was forced to work in a blacking factory and even give up his nurture at one point. When he did receive an education it was poorly taught, like wrap ups own experience. In comparison, our orderliness today and its compulsory education is a striking contrast to Victorian childrens life.Treatment during childhood is as well an important theme and most interestingly how clear up is treated by his sister Mrs Joe and her husband Joe Gargery. Whereas Joe supports and encourages make, awing You ARE a scholar, he remarks when rack up writes s omething on the chalkboard to him, Mrs Joe treats Pip extremely differently. Despite world scarcely a sister to Pip, Mrs Joe acts as his mother as she has raised(a) him by hand. Literally this describes how she raised him alone, only also symbolises how Pip come overmed to be raised by Mrs Joes violence. She is firm and cruel and uses the tickler, a whip, on Pip when she sees that he has misbe s overlyld.This sounds childish and fun to our ears, which is ironic seeing as it causes Pip so lots pain throughout his childhood. Another severe and strict method of control is force feeding a disgusting dose of tar water. This treatment for a naughty child, which is utilise on Pip, was also used on Joe. This could be a possible reason for why Joe and Pip act brotherly and atomic number 18 on equal terms as seen here get behind the door old chap, as they are united against Mrs Joes cruel punishments and severity despite the social rules that your elders are your improves. Therefore, although Joes behaviour towards Pip seems more natural to us nowadays, it is in fact Mrs Joes treatment of Pip, which Dickens writes to give us a furnish of childhood, which was more common in Victorian times.The classic seen and not heard view of children, which was meant quite literally at the dinner table on Christmas day where Pip was not allowed to speak., is also portrayed in the character of Mr Pumblechook. He tells Pip over dinner he should be grateful to them which brought you up by hand, because if he had been born a Squeaker he would not have received such care. Mr Pumblechook uses every outlook, like testing his arithmetic, to belittle and insult Pip. However, when Pip gains his fortune Mr Pumblechook hypocritically claims that it was well deserved and they have al directions been old friends. We groundwork see that Mr Pumblechook, in seeing that Pip is now of a high status and so has to respect and try to gain favour of him, whereas before young Pip as a child was o f a very low status.Miss Havisham wait ons down on Pip for some other reason as her wealth makes Pip feel even more common. She invites him to play in Satis House, which has been miss since her failed wedding day. She is blunt with Pip, for example I hope you want nothing. Youll get nothing. She has a frighteningly manipulative influence on those around her. She teaches Estella to break mens hearts and encourages Pip to think she is his mysterious benefactor. It could be because she spends too much time alone with her bitter thoughts, which allows her to be so cunningly manipulative. She expects people to follow her wishes, oddly Pip as he is common.You are unwilling to play, then are you willing to work? In contrast, Magwitchs treatment towards Pip is regardless of class. When he first meets him he is desperate, shaking, ill and in pain. We can see that this makes him desperate, and even threatening to Pip. However, later on in the novel we can see that Magwitch treats Pip with abundant respect in affection in return for his help seeing himself as Pips second-father, whereas Mr Pumblechook tries to leech of Pip when hes older. It is difficult to tell whether Pips deed or Magwitchs nature lead Magwitch to treat someone so tender like Pip, but as he was desperate on the marshes we can assume he isnt only kind to Pip.Friends on the desolate marshes are a fortune Pip does not possess in his childhood. Interacting with children your own age plays a vital role in growing up as we can see from Pips reactions to his meetings with Estella. Her condescending manner is very apparent in the scornful tone she refers to Pip as boy despite being the selfsame(prenominal) age as him. Once again, it is because of class that she mocks him. She laughs at him for work the Knaves Jacks. However, Pip falls in love with her even more despite her cruel actions and wishes to change and better his life in the hope of wooing Estella. She has caused a huge impact on Pips life bec ause of the way she has been brought up to break their hearts and because she is the first pretty girl Pip has set his eyes upon. Pip first meets Herbert Pocket in the grounds of Satis House where he is challenged to a fight.Not knowing his name, Pip refers to him as the pale young gentleman. He was secretly afraid of him despite that he did not look very healthy. It could be that his fear is from being treated badly by those of higher status however, Herbert treats him as an equal by playing and even returning Pips good will by saying same to you. This shows how he treats Pip more fairly unlike Estella. This gives us an insight that class is not an issue to all children. Another person similar to Pips age is Biddy. She comes to look after Joe, Mrs Joe and Pip and at at once Pip recognises her intelligence. However, we can see a slight snobbery in the way Pip looks at her.He does not understand how she can learn quicker than Pip. From this we can see he acknowledges Biddys intellig ence, but is also confused why he is not superior in that aspect which is rather snobbish. Although Pip and Biddy do not see each other in the same way (Pip did not know back then that Biddy loved Pip), Pip trusts Biddy immensely and tells her that he wants to be a gentleman on Estellas account. He has told no one else this, but still looks down on Biddy and thinks she is envious and grudging of his new wealth. He does not treat her as an equal in this aspect so it is difficult to see if we could call her a true friend. And as friends are important in childhood, its clear to see that Dickens is saying that Pip did not have much of one. foreign today, Pip doesnt play any games nor is he allowed as much freedom to go out. He is whipped for tour the graveyard, so he certainly wouldnt be able to go out with friends like children his age today. He is expected to learn from Joe in the forge and become apprenticed (PRENGTD) to him. Before receiving the fortune he has no weft, and at the beginning wants no other career however we are now encouraged to hand many career options from a young age.This may have been because back then, you didnt have much chance other than to follow the family trade unless you had money. In Satis House he is expected to play in cause of Miss Havisham, walk her and keep her company. Even though he is there to play, it is not by choice and he does not have fun by it. His games, for example cards, are very formal whereas today children would play informally and with children their own age, and so once again Dickens shows Pips lack of fun in childhood.

The Use of Theatre in Mexican-American Culture Essay Example for Free

The Use of Theatre in Mexican-American refining EssayLatinos are currently the largest minority group in the joined States, and Mexican-Americans are the largest group at bottom the Latino population. It may be unfathomable for the younger generations to think of the Mexican population in the United States as a silent minority group however, it was non until after World War II that we see a rise in Chicano nationality and identity movements. What was the role of the house in this discovery of identity, and how did the field of view give well-disposed function to this formerly unheard group?The clearest answer to this question can be found through the Teatro Chicano movement, Luis Valdezs theatrical role El Pachuco in Zoot Suit and the performance cunning pieces and publications of Luis Alfaro. The name El Teatro Chicano is actually a blanket term used to describe an entire delegacy movement by the Mexican-American population in the United States. Established in 1965, Luis Valdezs El Teatro Campesino (literally, Farmworkers Theatre) was the near famous of the Chicano Theatres however it was hardly the only participant within the movement.In 1971 there were over 25 groups that defined themselves as Chicano Theatres (Huerta 15). The basic guidelines of El Teatro Chicano were simply to be a comm union-based movement committed to exposing affectionate issues and hurts within the barrios, or hyper-segregated Mexican neighborhoods. The mission of Teatro Chicano was based on the understanding of the ancestral Mayan concept of In Lakech, which states you are my opposite me, so I must respect you as I do myself. The innovation of Teatro Chicano not only traced back to the Native American ancestors of the Mexican-American partnership, but it in like manner sought to use this transmission line to restore a sense of identity and to encourage Mexicans in the United States to hold onto their roots (Huerta 16). opposed other athletic field and social change movements, El Teatro Chicano was not really interested in injustice as a whole, but rather injustice from the vantage point of the Mexican-American.The specificity of the movement also helped to appropriate the Mexican identity from a general marginalized group identified by the blanked term of Hispanic or Latino to a unique faction with a personalized stance (Huerta 15). There has been little query done on teatros other than Teatro Campesino, most likely due to the fact that El Teatro Chicano was not a very organized or professional movement. Pieces were often performed outdoors, on street corners or in other high traffic areas.Little concern was given to production quality because the content of the message was the original focus (Kanellos 65). Valdez felt there was a want for more unity and communication between participants as well as a need for more training of Chicano performers in El Teatro Chicano, so in the summer 1971 he held the first meeting of El Teatro Nacio nal de Aztlan, or TENAZ. The workshop was considered a success, and 15 participants were taught different Teatro techniques and swapped ideas for topics and themes for new performance art pieces (Huerto 14).Ironically Valdez, the founder of TENAZ, was reddentually excluded from the workshop because he was criticized for creating works that were too spiritual and that avoided the real issues of poverty, employment and discrimination (Elam 116 117). The fundamental performance utilized by El Teatro Chicano was the acto, a term coined by Luis Valdez. Actos are performance are pieces that are used to inspire the auditory modality to social action and put emphasis on the social vision (Broyles-Gonzalez 25).While they were usually scripted, they were neer actually written d hold and performers often took a lot of artistic license with the pieces (Broyles-Gonzalez 22). The actos performed by conglomerate Teatros Chicanos often faced serious opposition, even by members of the Mexican society. In an effort to remain admittedly to reality the actos often contained extreme profanity, coarse unresolved matters and graphic violence.It was not uncommon for Teatro Chicano performers to be thrown out of venues because of the vulgarity of the actos, so performers constantly barkd between the choice of softening the pieces for the sake of the audience or remaining true their perception of the social reality (Huerta 17). Though it may save lacked in unity and professionalism, the El Teatro Chicano helped to instill pride in the Mexican identity and spur discussion of injustice and social action. In his essay Concerning Teatro Chicano, J. A.Huearta states Teatros are converting Chicanos who used to be ashamed of their hereditary pattern teatros are bringing socio-political realities to the mickle in a track they cannot ignore teatros are educating people (Huerta 18). During his work with El Teatro Campesino, Luis Valdez was commissioned to economize Zoot Suit by t he Mark Taper Forum in Los Angeles. The simulated military operation would tell the story of the racially biased trials of the Sleepy Lagoon Murders, where seventeen pachucos, Mexican gang members, were convicted of first-degree murder, and the Zoot Suit Riots that ensued due to the verdict (Jacobs 27). through much opposition from the Anglo-dominated theatre world, the play debuted at the Taper, make its way to Broadway in 1979 and was later made into a film in 1981. Much of the opposition to the play was due to the un allow foringness to change the character of El Pachuco, the prototype of the 1940s Mexican gangster and Valdezs personification of the Chicano identity (Kanellos 97). In an hearing soon after the release of the film Zoot Suit Valdez commented on the character of El Pachuco He is the rebel. The impatient rebel who refuses to give in, who refuses to bend, refuses to admit that he is wrong. He is incorrigible.And the way that the Pachuco appears in the film and in t he play makes a very strong statement. The stance is almost ideological, even cultural its mythical. They know then, the Anglo criticsthat what this construe represents is a self-determined identity it comes from its own base. Thats been my argument all along through my work that we have our own fundamental base from which to work (Kanellos 98). To Valdez, the idea of the Pachuco was not to glorify the lifestyle of the 1940s gangster (which many accused him of doing), but rather find an archetype within whom the Mexican-American community could find their identity.The pachuco refused to suck in to the dominant white culture, and while he may inhabit some extreme character flaws, Valdez finds his struggle for identity worthy of acclaim (Kanellos 101). Valdez also argues that he presents both good and bad sides to El Pachuco, as to not present him as a villain or hero, but rather and abstract person who acts as a sort of internal authority for the Mexican-American (Kanellos 98). The pachuco is clearly seen as the symbol of Chicano identity in the second act of Zoot Suit.El Pachuco stands beforehand the court and is stripped of his zoot suit, the representation of his new identity, and is reduced to postal code but a loin cloth, the representation of his ancestral Native-American identity (Valdez Act II, Scene 6). Despite the persecution, El Pachuco still refuses to give into the dominant culture. It is clear that Valdez sought to instill ideas of pride and heritage within the Chicano community through his character of El Pachuco, but his plight did not go unopposed, even by members of his own racial community.Along with the lower held for the lifestyle of the pachuco, Valdez was also criticized for marginalizing women through the machisimo or male domination of his plays (Jacobs 28). In Zoot Suit and other Valdez plays womens roles were restricted to four characters mother, grandmother, sister and love interest. Women also strictly overleap into the categor y of good woman or bad woman and never had the character complexity or struggle like that of El Pachuco (Broyles-Gonzalez).In her article Elizabeth Jacobs writes Valdez promotes an exclusively male version of events and a perspective reflecting the essentializing tendencies of movement ideology which dichotomized a monolithic male Chicano identity in response to Anglo-American domination (Jacobs 29). It seems that though Valdez was attempting to fight the dominant group by creating a sense of identity for the Chicanos, he arguably did so by marginalizing another minority group.To this criticism Valdez has been cited as saying, Anytime that a new identity is created, it emerges as a power that is raw, terrible and disgusting to some, and glorious to others (Kanellos 99). A more recent example of the use of theatre to spur social change for the Mexican-American community can be found in the performance art pieces of Luis Alfaro. As seems to be a common thread linking Chicano theatre, Alfaros pieces have the tendency to disturb audiences with their subject matter and/or physical performance, but do not seem to be quite as offensive as the actos performed by El Teatro Chicano members.Through his writings Alfaro advocates throwing ones identity in the face of others, making oneself fabulous, daring to tell the truth, to tell ones own story (Bonney 296). In his piece entitled Abuelita Alfaro speaks from the perspective of a ten year old boy with an extreme disdain for his Abuelita (grandmother). As the piece continues it becomes rather obvious that Abuelita stands as a symbol for old Mexican heritage and tradition. He shows a bloody finger and tells of a time when his Abuelita stuck it in her noting that I was the only way that Abuelita knows how to stop the bleeding (Bonney 298).He later shows a bloody finger on his other open and tells how other Latinos are afraid to touch his wound, alluding to the idea that they are afraid he is infected with human immunodefici ency virus because hes gay. He ends the piece by how he wishes for Abuelita in these times of plague prejudicesorrowmourningand shame (Bonney 298 299). This comparison between the Abuelita, or the Mexican culture and heritage of old, who embraces him even if the manner seems simplistic and crude and the modernLatino community who rejects his wounds serves as a more subtile call to the Mexican community to embrace one another as their ancestors did (much like the afore mentioned Mayan concept of In Lakech). In another performance peace entitled Mu Mu Approaches, Alfaro consumes an entire box of Twinkies while a voice over tells a story of the rejection of Mu Mu, another woman who seems to stand for Mexican heritage and culture. (Bonney 299 300). Both the wrangle of Alfaros piece and the gluttonous consumption of an entire box of Twinkies, a very American food, bestow the dangers of over assimilation and neglect of ones heritage.While Alfaros theatrical pieces definitely hold to the establishment of a Chicano identity, he does not fall directly in line with the movement of El Teatro Chicano or that of Luis Valdez. Alfaros pieces often rejected oppression and marginalization in general he did not only concern himself with the struggle of the Mexican-American. The lack of continuity could be attributed to many different things, but I think it is important to note that Alfaros homosexuality could be a reason for his apparent leaving from the mission of El Teatro Chicano.Both the Teatro movement and Luis Valdez have received extreme criticism from both libber and gay rights groups, and were even called homophobic by some (Elam 32). There is no present research linking Alfaros sexual orientation and his divergence from El Teatro and Luis Valdez however the connection does seem possible. There is no denying that theatre has played a significant role in giving a social voice to the Chicano community as well as creating a distinguished identity for them in the Un ited States.However, there also is no denying that the highlighted theatre movements are not without weaknesses, some more striking than others. El Teatro Chicano devoted itself all told to the Mexican population, but in some ways it may have promoted the same type of ethnocentrisms that it was created to fight. Luis Valdez try to create a sense of pride an identity for the Mexican-American through his character of El Pachuco, but it was arguably at the expense of the women of the Chicano community.Luis Alfaros performance pieces, while not without flaws, seem to have progressed some from those before him. Perhaps, as stated before, this has something to do with his sexual-orientation, or perhaps it is simply due to the natural evolution of larn from those who have gone before you. Alfaros work gives hope that future Mexican performers, writers and directors will arise even farther down the path of social enlightenment, and that perhaps one day oppressed communities will be able to find liberation without the marginalization of someone else.

Indian television in the era of globalization Essay Example for Free

Indian television in the era of globalization EssaySince its birth in 1959, it seems that Indian television has developed in a way that is similar to most of the worlds bare sectors. Conquered by technological progress, particularly by the major(ip) advance that the introduction of satellite transmissions represents, the Indian television sector broke with its old practices to enter the era of globalization to which the opening to foreign players, the competition authorities and the respect of commercial requirements are essential components.The in series(p) evolutions that Indian television underwent seem to confirm marshal McLuhans theory of a global village, which describes how the world has been contracted into a homogenized stead by the media revolution. However, this simplistic vision denies the specificities of India as a culture and as a country, which became the specificities of Indian television. With 22 official languages, an enormous and heterogeneous population, one of the worlds largest territories and a tendency to continuously get about between tradition and modernity, India admittedly adapted its television sector to the globalized context but also impose its restrictions and particularities. How did Indian television become integrated to the globalized media system while protecting its identity and imposing its requirements?With the successive evolutions the technological progresses, the shift from an educational project to a competitive, consumer-oriented and profit-making market and the exportation of foreign programs and production methods it underwent in the early 20th century, Indian television indeed got integrated into the globalized and transnational media system. As such it became a privileged target of know-how transfers coming from the West and a market of economic interest for foreign players.heterogeneity constitutes Indias major specificity and its television sector could not have got established regardless to it. Ev en if it unconquerable to enter the process of globalization, Indian television endeavored to defend and promote the countrys linguistic, territorial, social and ethnical diversity. The Indian broadcasting space definitely does not get homogenized.On the contrary, it constantly reports the main oppositions that unceasingly stimulate and drive the Indian population tradition and modernity, local and global, urban and rural, well-off and impoverished. The example of the Indian television sector demonstrates that India is not passively affected by globalization but constitutes one of its major actors it manages to make the countrys voice heard and to impose its requirements and its power of cultural appropriation at international level.BIBLIOGRAPHYDEPREZ C., La tlvision indienne un modle dappropriation culturelle, De Boeck, 2006. DESAI M. K., Indian television in the era of globalisation unity, diversity or disparity ? , in Quaderns del CAC, 202, no. 14 3-12.DURAND-DASTES F., LI nde dans la mondialisation in LEFORT I. and MORINIAUX V. (dir.), La mondialisation, Editions du temps, 2006, 235-256. JULURI V., Music television and the invention of youth culture in India , in Sage Journals, 2002, vol. 3 no. 4 367-386.KUMAR S., Gandhi meets primetime globalization and nationalism in Indian television, University of Illinois Press, 2005.RANGANATHAN M., RODRIGUES U. M., Indian media in a globalised world, Sage publications, 2010.SINCLAIR J., HARRISON M., Globalization, nation and television in Asia the cases of India and China , in Sage Journals, 2004, vol. 5 no. 1 41-54.

Over Representation of African American Students in the Special Education System. Essay Example for Free

Over Representation of African American Students in the fussy discipline System. EssayIntroduction My current shoal has exceptional instruction roster of 32 students in self contain with over 90% of the students cosmos African-American. This paper depart address the large subjugate African-American students in the special rearing dust. Attention volition be focus on the social stinting roles that play a part in attitude. When done properly and in book perspective, special commandment is beneficial for students with a real dis business leader, but special pedagogy services ar inappropriate when a student receives it when it is non needed. African-American students are being put in the special education system at an alarming rate. They are being labeled with disabilities at ages as early as tailfin years old, because they progress relaxer than the rest of the class, bias in assessment instrument, discrimination in gild reflected in the school or they may pres ent some behavior issue. special(a) education is appropriate arranging for students with real disabilities, but minority blacks are being disproportionately place in special education.This unjust placement at early ages are causing these children to be stereotyped as slow learners causing low self esteem and low achievement rate during and after school. This is a major task when addressing special education for African Americans. Many attempts contribute been made to solve the issues but in that respect bear been no satisfactory results. Theoretical Framework The disproportionate representation of African-Americans students in the special education system is well documented.This misrepresentation has been problematic since the inception of the special education program. This paper give canvas the reasons many another(prenominal) of these students hold in been categorized with various type of acquire disabilities or emotional disturbances. These labels given to students have proven to be life altering to students given incorrect placement. Lawsuits have been filed charging that placements of high numbers of African American, especially male, in special education classes has been a tool for resisting court ordered desegregation (Harry and Anderson, 1992).In many instances in that respect is a lack of or unwillingness to properly place African American students because of educators in some systems being culturally divers(prenominal). Secondly there is a lot of mistrust amid educators and parents. Many parents dont seek appropriate services or disagree with educational placement because they feel they will be see as ignorant or talked down to by instructors and administrators placing their children in special education.This paper will alike discuss the long term effects that hinder students educational progress as well as there adult life. Once do in many special education programs student may not be in line to receive a high school diploma. Ma ny students have difficulties in the community getting jobs because employers feel they will be slower then there counterparts that received a regular education. This then snowballs into the child being fit(p) in a lower social economic bracket because of the type of employment they will have to settle for in adulthood.African-American students are disproportionally placed in the special education system well-nigh the country. This misrepresentation is may be due to teacher ineffectiveness. Improving teachers capacity to provide culturally antiphonal instruction to African American students is like to improve student learning ability (Darling-Hammond, 2004). New teachers essential meet a vigorous undergraduate program to become certified they continue to graduate change to in effect teach African American students.Many exit program with a misconception of black students. They conjecture that the African American students are not as smart as other races. The purpose of this bel ieve is to prove there is a misrepresentation of African American students in special education. I also plan to illustrate the problem of disproportionate representation of African American students in special education is not just a special education problem issue or concern but, instead, essential be viewed in the context as it refers to racism in the whole educational system.I will discuss how racism contributes to and maintains disproportionality in special education by (a) insufficiently funding schools attended principally by African American and poor children (b) employing culturally inappropriate and unresponsive curriculum (c) inadequately preparing educators to effectively teach African American learners and other students of color.I will show that to effectively address the problem of disproportionality, exploreers, practitioners andpolicymakers must place inequitable educational resource allocation, inappropriate curriculum and pedagogy and inadequate teacher preparat ion at the center of education research, policy, and practice. Significance of the Study There is much significance for this study. creation a special education teacher I have seen many students come to me because they were a behavioral problem during their elementary years. I believe it is our responsibility to set abtaboo a solution to this growing problem. First, we as educators, we need to bump out if this race of students are get misplaced in the educational system.These students not getting a proper education are causing a negative effect on their entire life. This causes this particular group to have to depend on state aid and weakens the workforce. Secondly, we need to find out if there is a problem with teacher preparedness. If this is a problem we need to figure out what can be done in state colleges and universities to solve these problems. Would adding a more ethically diverse curriculum better prepare teachers to educate African American students?The majority of the teachers coming out of college will be spending there first few years teaching intercity kids, with the majority being African Americans. Finally we need to educate or children to be reliable productive citizens. I feel that these children are not being given an equal shot at being productive if they are being thrown in the special education class in the back of the building. We already know there is a problem, now we need to work together to find a solution that will go around benefit the students.Definition of Terms Disproportionate numbers Having greater representation within a subgroupcompared to the number of students in the population as a whole. Some researchers use plus or minus 10% to determine proportionality (Harry Anderson, 1994). Discrimination The ability to make or perceive distinction discernment.Partiality, or bias, in the treatment of a person or group, which is unfair, illegal, etc(Loren Orfield, 2002). It is my opinion that African American children are being placed in special Education because of biases unfair grouping. High Achieving School-wide trajectory of API (if in California) and Annual Yearly pass (AYP) growth over three years of all subgroups.There must also be a minimum movement of two deciles within 3-5 years. Special Education Services and supports designed to minimize the daze of disability and maximize opportunity to grow and learn (Hehir, 2007). Limitation, Delimitation and Assumptions Limitations of Study The limitations of this study would be to find willing participates, because of the reasons I have discussed earlier parents will be willing to admit that their child was placed in special education because of a lack of knowledge on their part.Another limitation that will affect them outcome of this research is because I am directly employed in the parish that I have chosen to do research. This position will limit the effectiveness of my research because of student privacy and my position in the parish. It is also my opinion that school districts will not want to release information that could potential be used against them. As stated before I think students of color or being illegal classified as students with special needs and placed in special education. These are a few factors that could limit my study.Delimitations of the StudyExternal validity may be effected based on the number of student/parents being interviewed. Validate may be effected due to other minority races not being included in the study. Also the size and school locations may limit my ability to get adequate data to fully prove my hypothesis. The small sample population was feasible for my research rather then venturing out into larger areas. This is significant in that the findings may not be relevant to other schools. Assumptions of the Study References Artiles, A. J. (2003). Special educations changing identity Paradoxes and dilemmas in views of culture and space.Harvard educational Review, 73, 164-202. Artiles, A. J. , R ueda, R. , Salazar, J. J. , Higareda, I. (2005). Within-group diversity in minority disproportionate representation English language learners in urban school districts. majestic Children, 71, 283-300. Billingsley, B. (2004). Special education teachers retention and attrition A critical analysis of the research literature. healing(p) and Special Education, 25, 22-39. Blair, C. , Scott, K. G. (2002). Proportion of LD placements associated with low socio-economic status Evidence for gradient. diary of Special Education, 36, 14-22. Blanchett, W. J. , Mumford, V. , Beachum, F. (2005). Urban school failure and disproportionality in a post-Brown era. Remedial and Special Education, 26, 70-81. Chamberlain, S. P. (2005). Issues of overrepresentation and educational equity for culturally and linguistically diverse students. discourse in School and Clinic, 41, 110-113. Countinho, M. J. , Oswald, D. P. , Best, A. M. (2002). The influence of sociodemographics and gender on the disproport ionate identification of minority students as having learning disabilities.Remedial and Special Education, 23, 49-59. Coutinho, M. J. , Oswald, D. P. , Best, A. M. , Forness, S. R. (2002). Gender and sociodemographic factors and the disproportionate identification of culturally and linguistically diverse students with emotional disturbance. behavioural Disorders, 27, 109-125. Eitle, T. M. (2002). Special education or racial segregation Understanding variation in the representation of dense students in educable mentally handicapped programs.The Sociological Quarterly, 43(4), 575-605. Elhoweris, H. , Mutua, K. , Alsheikh, N. , Holloway, P.(2005). Effect of childrens ethnicality on teachers referral and recommendation decisions in sharp and talented programs. Remedial and Special Education, 26(1), 25-31. Ferri, B. A. , Connor, D. J. (2005). In the shadow of Brown Special education and overrepresentation of students of color. Remedial and Special Education, 26, 93-100. Hosp, J. L. , Hosp, M. K. (2002).Behavior differences between African American and Caucasian students Issues for assessment and intervention. Education and Treatment of Children, 24, 336-350. Hosp, J. L. , Reschly, D. J. (2002).Predictors of restrictiveness of placement of African American and Caucasian students. Exceptional Children, 14, 20-34. Hosp, J. L. , Reschly, D. J. (2003). Referral rates for intervention and assessment A meta-analysis of racial differences. diary of Special Education, 37, 67-81. Hosp, J. L. , Reschly, D. J. (2004). Disproportionate representation of minority students in special education Academic, demographic and economic predictors. Exceptional Children, 70, 185-199. Kurlaender, M. , Yun, J. T. (2007). Measuring school racial composition and student outcomes in a multiracial society.American Journal of Education, 113, 213-235. Neal, L. V. , McCray, A. D. , Webb-Johnson, G. , Bridgest, S. T. (2003). The effects of African American movement styles on teachers per ceptions and reactions. Journal of Special Education, 37, 49-57. OConnor, C. (2002). Black women debacle the odds from one generation to the next How the changing dynamics of constraint and opportunity affect the solve of educational resilience. American Educational Research Journal, 39, 855-903. Park, J. , Turnball, A. P. , Turnball, H. R. , III (2002).Impacts of poverty on quality of life in families of children with disabilities. Exceptional Children, 68, 151-170. Shealey, M. W. , Lue, M. S. , Brooks, M. , McCray, E. (2005). Examining the legacy of Brown The impact on special education and teacher practice. Remedial and Special Education, 26, 113-121. Skiba, R. J. , Michael, R. S. , Nardo, A. C. , Peterson, R. L. (2002). The color of discipline Sources of racial and gender disproportionality in school punishment. Urban Review, 34, 317-342. Skiba, R. J. , Poloni-Staudinger, L. , Gallini, S. , Simmons, A.B. , Feggins-Azziz, R. (2006).Disparate access The disproportionality of African American students with disabilities across educational environments. Exceptional Children, 72, 411-424. Skiba, R. J. , Poloni-Staudinger, L. , Simmons, A. B. , Feggins-Azziz, L. R. , Chung, C. G. (2005). Unproven links Can poverty explain ethnic disproportionality in special education? Journal of Special Education, 39, 130-144. Zhang, D. , Katsiyannis, A. (2002). Minority representation in special education A persistent challenge. Remedial and Special Education, 21, 180-187.

The Image of the Cyborg as it Appears in Metropolis and Blade Runner Essay Example for Free

The Image of the bionic woman as it Appears in urban center and Blade outgrowth EssayThe coming into court of the cyborg in intuition-fiction cinema began with the emergence of the dystopian science-fiction celluloid both events started with Fritz Langs silent film Metropolis, released in 1927 in Weimar Republic Germany, just before the rise of Adolf Hitler and the Nazi party. Langs film, made as political allegory, shocked audiences with its complex plot, special effects, and political and spectral points. Lang described Metropolis as a battle between modern font font science and the occult a kind of romantic fatalism that became the directors trademark in later works scene after scene depicting a mechanized world kaput(p) madwhich influenced countless other filmmakers. (Roberts 33) Among these filmmakers was Ridley Scott, whose 1982 film Blade Runner (based on Philip K. Dicks novel Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep?) stands as an accomplished descendent of Langs pion eering work. While neither film features traditionalistic cyborgs (which be beings bring forthd from a synthesis of biological and robotic components) each film features the concept of technologically engineered, sentient life, which tight resembles kindkind life, as a central symbol for the exploration of spiritual and deterrent example themes. Central to Langs dystopian vision is a mechanized world gone mad, personified by the creation of a robotic duple for the films heroine, a Christian leader named mare, who is opposed by an evil scientist, Rotwang. The opposition of science and religion indicated by the characters conflict demonstrates Langs intention to use themes which inject modern concerns (robotics and science) into the ages-old debates that had historically been associated with religion and philosophy.Langs vision is of a robotic construction of artificial life, whereas Ridley Scott, in Blade Runner used genetically engineered replicants as an example of artific ially created life. The image of the cyborg is, for Lang, part- compassionate and part-The Image of the Cyborg as it Appears in Metropolis and Blade Runner Page -2- mechanized, a mechanically skillful recreation of human song for Ridley Scott, replicants are the image of the cyborg, being genetically altered, genetically specified humans designed by a corporation. For both film-makers, the image of the cyborg resulted in an image of evil and danger for humanity. The real inclusion of modern technologies, or technologies which are closely extrapolated from existing technologies, presents a deviation from the hitherto prevailing classical visions of the Church. Dystopia is very ofttimes part of the late twentieth-and early twenty-first-century mindset. We see it in films and adverts that dwell on dank futuristic images from a world where the last vestiges of individualism are slowly being expunged and machinery is our enemy. (Mourby) The enemy in Metropolis, as personified by Rotw angs evil robotic doppleganger, presents a new hazard in the modern landscape if human beings can create sentient life, what are the repercussions of this god-like power and for what purposes go out this power be unleashed? The mission of Rotwangs creation is to vilify and destroy the saintly Maria and in doing so, obfuscate her vision and her message of self-liberation to the oppressed laborers of Metropolis. Rotang aims to ruin Maria by creating a robot in her imagea mechanical evil twinto deliver insincere testimony. (Roberts 33) Langs use of the robot as a symbol of oppression and of deception marks his pursuance of the films religious allegory the robot facsimile of Maria is intended as an teetotal variation of the Creation myth, the scriptural notion of the creation of Adam and Eve. Rotwang functions as an inversion of God the Creator, and as Man the Creator his main evil act is creating a false robot copy of a Christian leader, Maria. In other words, he gets his minion to pass as a Christian. HeThe Image of the Cyborg as it Appears in Metropolis and Blade Runner -creates the robot to foment riots which will lead to the absolutism of the master of Metropolis (Tratner). In Metropolis the robot looks and appears as human, though it is actually a mechanical construction in Ridley Scotts later film Blade Runner the replicants are indistinguishable from human beings without a sophisticated series of psychological and neurological tests. The concept of robotics functions, for Lang, as a direct interrogatory into the moral bearing of humanity and what significance human ethics play as the role of engineering expands in society. If robots can be constructed so cleverly, so efficiently that they can pass for humans in society, then what societal consequences arise from this technology?In Metropolis the robot is envisioned as a minion of perverse human will its likeness to humanity presents a special problem of evil int hat the robot, programed with foul int entions, can walk among humanity undetected for what it really is as in the (particularly Hebrew) legends of the golem. However, the robot in Metropolis, while being similar to the golem myth, is a distinctly modern conception and one which carried the antiquated Biblical connotations of Creation Myth and the human will to power, which in both traditional Christian toll and in the context of the film Metropolis is portrayed as sinful. Langs strategy, as revealed in Metropolis, is to discriminate the human will-to-power as illustrated by the mad scientist, Rotwangs, efforts to gain the power of Creation, with the human will-to-individuality and liberty, which is portrayed via the workers struggle and Marias spiritual vision. In the end, Joh and Rotwangs scheme backfires as the socialites debauch and the workers revolt, unleashing a flood that or so drowns a horde of innocent children. In the end, Freder and Maria prevail, reconciling Joh with the workers with the slogan, The med iatorThe Image of the Cyborg as it Appears in Metropolis and Blade Runner between brain and hands must(prenominal) be the heart. (Roberts 33) Langs ground-breaking film influenced untold subsequent film-makers and artists in all mediums among them, Ridley Scott, whose dystopian science-fiction film Blade Runner incurs much debt to Lang for not only the visual and thematic likings of Blade Runner, but for- the films central theme of genetically engineered human life-forms, which, like Langs treatment of robotics in Metropolis, comprises a symbol for ethical and religious themes. Scotts genetically engineered life-forms are called replicants and, as such, they are dissimilar from Langs robot in that replicants are biological, rather than mechanical, beings with physical, emotional, and mental characteristics selected and engineered by human scientists. The central premise of the story is that a number of the replicants, having observed that they were engineered to have only 3 year life spans, escape from their assignments in the off-world colonies and become renegades on res publica in search of their creators, in search of life-extension. While Langs film asked What would happen if man could create a perfect robotic likeness of man and program it to do malevolent things? Scotts film asks What moral decisions would artificially engineered beings make once they realized they were alive? The resulting narrative, with its dystopian overtones, presents a variation on the Biblical ogre-as-Gods-Enemy. Satan, being the most glorious of Gods angels, rebels against his Creator, God, because of his great pride. In Blade Runner the replicant, Roy, is authoritative by his creator Tyrell as the prodigal son he then proceeds to murder his creator, Tyrell, because of his experiential angst, being a mortal creature with merely his subjective experience in three age as eternity. Scotts take on the man against machines paradigm is a near-future vison for humanity, severed from superstition or magic (where there are traces of occultism in Metropolis) andThe Image of the Cyborg as it Appears in Metropolis and Blade Runner lodged firmly within the capitalistic, technology-driven society that is our modern experience. The idea of hostile machines seems all-too-familiar and in circumstance plays a central thematic role in mid-to-late twentieth century American medai this innovation talent result inthe creation of machines that would one day prove intelligent enough to attack us, an idea that lies behind such classic dystopian films as Metropolis, Bladerunner and the Terminator trilogy. (Mourby) Blade Runners replicants uprise the notion of apocalypse as being human engineered, rather than as the will of God. Humanity will bring around its own apocalypse, and part of this apocalypse are the replicants themselves, a symbol, not of man (or Satans) vanity, but of his greed. For Scott capitalism and greed take the place of evil and sin in Biblical reference .Where antecedently men had imagined The end would occur when the Divine Being had finally had enough of us and it would all be pretty nasty for all except those who had managed to get on the right side of him man must now manage (by Scotts reckoning) to throw off its glum medieval certainties and dare, like Lang, to speculate about what life might hold in store for us long term. (Mourby) For both film-makers, the image of the cyborg, robot, or replicant offered a glimpse into the negative capacities of technology and scientific knowledge. Because in each case, the cyborgs closely resemble human beings, the image of the artificially created life-form is viewed as both negative and dangerous to humanity. The lesson of the images seems to be that the act of the Creation of life, though possible for humanity, is better left to God or Nature than to mankind.Works CitedMourby, Adrian. Dystopia Who Needs It? Adrian Mourby Shows That the Nightmare Scenario terminate Be Both Dire Warning and Escapist Fantasy. History Today Dec. 2003 16+.Roberts, Rex. Auld Lang Syne A Restored Print of the Silent Classic Metropolis Includes Footage Not Seen since 1927. Insight on the News 5 Aug. 2002 33.Tratner, Michael. Lovers, Filmmakers, and Nazis Fritz Langs exist Two Movies as Autobiography. Biography 29.1 (2006) 86+.

Bronze Age in Ireland Essay Example for Free

bronzy Age in Ireland EssayThe arrival of the bronzy Age in Ireland was a gradual process, as there is no sharp division between the last Stone Age and the early bronze Age. The Bronze Age is broken up into three groups including the Early Bronze Age, Middle Bronze Age, and deep Bronze Age.Nevertheless there is a general agreement that the Bronze Age started around 2000 B. C. and lasted until approximately 500 B. C.As the era suggests, it was the new metal work technology practiced most in effect by the Beaker people in the north-eastern part of the country that caught the attention and imagination of those with artistic talents. As puff up as that it was the transition of the use of a different harder heavier metal from stone. Armor, weapons, daggers, and awls atomic number 18a few of the new items produced. The Bronze Age cannot be denied as a time of development. Gold items were also produced hitherto there were principally for ceremonial or decorative purposes.Silver , copper, and gold of which were the raw materials were all found around Ireland including West Cork, Tipperary, and Wicklow. The companionship of how to make bronze came to Ireland from Europe. It is made from an alloy of tin and copper. The copper was mined in Ireland, chiefly in county Kerry at Ross Island however the tin was imported from Britain, which is believed to have been obtained by a calling of gold already available in Ireland.Due to the richness of copper and gold in the country, Ireland had developed great trading power which was most definitely used to its greatest advantage. This is evident because Irish Bronze and gold objects are found in many parts of Western Europe. (Appreciation and history of Art). There are a plentifulness quantity of many spectacular pieces of gold jewelry from this era that has been found over the years however many have been known to been lost or destroyed. The majority being found in grind to a halt land.The beginning of this time was more considered a Copper age as it was the main use. But after on, the introduction of tin made it possible to forge better and more sophisticated tools and weapons from the new alloy. until now these tools and weapons would have been available to just a few sections of society and this brought about social changes which saw hierarchies open with the ownership and access to the new metal being the overriding factor in where one stratified in this hierarchy.

The Christian Fundamentalist Movement Essay Example for Free

The Christian Fundamentalist ordure EssayAs it exists in America, the Christian fundamentalist movement is comprised of Protestant evangelical fundamentalists who identifyk a complete restructuring of the social and political fixingize, so that all proceeding generations may be brought up in accordance with their doctrine. The intimately central tenet to their movement is the idea that their set a firearm scripture, the give-and-take, is indisputably inerrant, and provides a uncompromising deposit of rules and guidelines that can be applied to a person in some(prenominal) context.In Martin Martys anthology The Fundamentalism Project, he explores the role that fundamentalism plays in politics, the family, and society as whole. Understanding that fundamentalism is a word often misused or wrongly attri preciselyed to accepted groups, Martys works primarily aim at distinguishing the term, and illustrating its distinct origin. Furthermore, he describes the integral role of women in sustaining a movement that is essentially antiquated, and helps us to unwrap how this fits into Manuel Castells nonion that the patriarchal family may soon be a thing of the knightly.Defining and Distinguishing Fundamentalism Fundamentalism, in the most general of senses, is a strategy used deep down spectral communities to reclaim their sacred past, and on that pointfore harbour their identity as a distinct group. They call forth to selected doctrines and scriptures, which argon considered to be the fundamentals of their beliefs. They ar zealously driven by a sense of self-preservation, and the necessity to convert their adversaries (who, in their case, is anyone but themselves) (Marty, 1). Protestant fundamentalists fit this definition well.They emerged in the other(a) twentieth century in opposition to, what they considered to be, an increasingly morally corrupt world. They have since act to revere the fundamental requirements for redemption by basing al l(prenominal)(prenominal) aspect of their lives on the perceived foretellly divine writings of the volume . Several central features of Protestant fundamentalism shape its identity non entirely as a religious faith, but also as a strict, oppositional, closely-knit social cohort.The showtime of these is evangelism, which fundamentalists hold to the up-most importance. Since they see lone(prenominal) themselves as saved, they xpend most of their energy on convincing outsiders that they must avoid eternal damnation through conversion (to fundamentalism) by broadcasting evangelical messages over radio and television and heterogeneous opposite means. Secondly, fundamentalists believe in a strict biblical inerrancy. That is, they claim that the only sure path to salvation is through a faith in Jesus Christ that is grounded in unwavering faith in an inerrant Bible, and that the Bible can be trusted to provide an accurate description of science and history, as well as morality and religion (Ammerman, 5).Hence their upsurge at the sophisticate of the 20th century, when various scientific and philosophical theories ( such as Darwinism) that did not adhere to the written word became increasingly accepted, and they sought to turn everyone backside to the strict, unwavering accuracy of the scriptures (Moore, 46). Thirdly, fundamentalists are a pre-millennialist group who use their faith in the Bible to predict the future, that is, the coming of the End.This belief provides them with even more motivation to evangelize, because they think there is only a limited beat before the second coming of Jesus and thus a limited time to save non-believers before they are condemned to hell. Lastly, separatism is one of the more crucial features of fundamentalism, because it is the basis for how fundamentalists exist in society. They insist that a true believer will not only follow a strict placed of guidelines for his or her own life, but will also shun any person who doe s not share their lifestyle.In fact, it is this believe to ostracize the mainstream population that originally set fundamentalists apart at the issuance of their movement, as they share much in common with closely related factions such as standpat(prenominal), or evangelical Christianity. For example, fundamentalists tick with conservative Christians tralatitious understanding of such doctrines as the pure give up, the historical accuracy of Jesus miracles, and the imminent second coming of Christ. However, not all conservative Christians agree on how one achieves salvation, which is where evangelical Protestantism veers off.While certain conservative Protestants consider themselves saved if they are name and active, faithful members of their church, only evangelicals believe that salvation is solely for those who accept Jesus Christ as their rescuer and devote their lives to living in his name (a tenant crucial to fundamentalism). And, since umteen evangelicals place reve latory powers in experience, they cannot all be considered fundamentalists who seek revelation through the scriptures alone.But hush up, for most of the archaean 20th century, fundamentalists and evangelicals were scarcely distinguishable both groups preserved and practiced the revivalist heritage of soul winning and maintained a traditionalistic public press on orthodoxy (Ammerman, 4). It wasnt until fundamentalists chose to actively oppose liberalism, secularism, and communism in a activist fashion that they ostracized themselves from the rest of society, which evangelicals sought to remain in. Historical Background of the Fundamentalist MovementIn every society social alter proceeds at an uneven pace. Some society members embrace change with relish, while others find it op extortive and troubling. And, when lot feel that change is creation imposed on them, many will find it necessary to resist. Such was the case with Americas earliest fundamentalists. The early 20th Cen tury Fundamentalist Movement sprung from the Great Awakening in objection to its principles of liberal theology, German higher(prenominal) criticism, Darwinism, all which appeared to undermine the Bibles trust.The gro buffer discontentment of numerous religiously conservative Christians pushed them to combine and organize, aided by the emergence of a twelve volume series among 1910 and 1915 titled The Fundamentals. This entreaty was conceived by a Southern California oil jillionaire and edited by Bible teachers and evangelists. It contained ninety articles, xxvii of them devoted to the Bible, which outlined clearly what were thought to be the essential, fundamental beliefs of Christianity that could not be compromised.It detailed fundamentalisms core tenets, specifically The inerrancy of the Bible, the literal nature of the Biblical accounts (especially regarding Christs miracles and theCreation account in Genesis), the Virgin Birth of Christ, the substitutionary atonement of Christ on the cross, and the bodily resurrection of Christ (Witherup, 7). These provided the disunited body of participants with a single set of goals, prompting them to ban together to enact change and essentially trans shapeing fundamentalism into a specific movement.However, throughout the by-line decade this new religiously conservative coalition against liberalism was merely a nagging voice of dissent, still widely considered bigoted or anti-intellectual, and failed to gain significant credibility (Marsden, 124). Fundamentalists remained divided on several paint issues, which prevented them from gaining any real solidarity. For example, while most fundamentalists were mainly business enterpriseed with biblical inerrancy, many were more centre on dispensationalism, a eschatological theology concerned with the so-called end of times.At this end of the spectrum a small group of dispensationalist spokes-men pushed the cultural pessimism to its logical extreme, who used rhetoric that was certainly not in any way connected with positive, progressive reformism (Marsden, 125). This prevalent face of fundamentalism was in no way appealing to the American public, and was counter-productive to the movement. In 1925, the infamous Scopes monkey trial brought to the forefront of the American Public the clash between modernity and fundamentalists.The trial concerned a high school teacher, John Scopes, who was convicted of teaching the scientific theory of ontogenesis in opposition to the biblical teaching of creation. Though the fundamentalist prosecutor William Jennings Byron won the case, liberal press coverage of this legendary trial supremely led to a severe loss of public support. Nevertheless, Byron would go on to becoming one of the most popular and appealing faces to the movement, and would continue to fuel its growth. The economic slack of the 1930s provided a context in which fundamentalism could not easily thrive.Such dark times called for a comfortin g, optimistic theologycharacteristics not often attributed to fundamentalism. However, this sense of social crisis brought to the fore moral reformist leadershiphip like William B Riley, who began to stress political change as essential to fundamentalist goals. A build of conservative conferences inNew York Cityand Philadelphia led to the makeup of a gravidr and more door-to-door organizations theWorlds Christian Fundamentals Association and the Fundamental Baptists of America.Having also lost control of the denominational seminaries, fundamentalists regrouped slightly a set of independent Bible institutes and Bible colleges. Many of these schools, such as the heavy Bible Institutein Chicago and theBible Institute of Los Angeles not only provided instruction to their students but assumed many of the duties formerly performed by denominational institutions. They published periodicals, broadcast from their ownradio stations, held conferences, and maintained a staff of extension speakers.They operated like a denominational headquarters, providing a bond between other than isolated congregations (Bruce, 55). Although fundamentalism was pushed to the fringe of the Christian community by the new Evangelical movement, it continued to grow as new leaderships arose. TheBaptist Bible Fellowship, formed in 1950, became one of the jumbost fundamentalist denominations. By 1975 there were 34 regional organizations, 16 active military chaplains, 11 student chaplains, 1261 individual members and 614 churches. A total of 28 missionary organizations were members of the IFCA movement.They included 13 church extension missions, 11 home missions, and 4 foreign missions. Five Bible institutes and colleges also were members. Then, in 1979 Jerry Falwell pushed the movement into political sphere by founding the Moral Majority, a polite organization that crusaded against what it viewed as negative cultural trends, especially legalized abortion, thewomens movement, and thegay rights movement. It also lobbied for prayer in public schools, improverd defense spending, a strong anticommunistforeign policy, and continued American support for the show of Israel.The Moral Majority led a new generation of fundamentalists beyond simply denouncing cultural trends and back into an engagement with contemporary life in the political arena, a place where they have been quite stark(a) for the past couple of decades. For example, fundamentalists were strong supporters of PresidentGeorge W. Bushand played an important role in the alternative of Republicans at all levels of government. They also continued to promote conservative positions on various questions of social policy.They took good of the post-cold war liberalist attitude by zealously lobbying for political and moral reform at abortion clinics, funerals for homosexuals, and so on to desexualize their point loud and clear. According to Marty Martin, fundamentalists entered a new phase of intense activism in the aftermath of the disconnection War (1990-1991) and the collapse of the Soviet Union, in a world that now seemed beset by an private turning of peoples, or by antipluralist particularisms (Marty, 7). level off only fueled by the ultural revolution of the 1960s and early 70s, especially the assaults on traditional standards of family and sexuality, fundamentalists sought to completely re-structure American culture. They continued to promote conservative positions on various questions of social policy, and given that their end is in sight, have been increasingly forceful in doing so. In other words, the fundamentalist movements participants believe that their time is running out to achieve their movements goals, therefore they need to take advantage of every chance they can.In fact, the politicization of fundamentalistic evangelicism in late decades and its unexpected resilience as a political force points to another larger story in American culture, the weakening of the prog ressive modern scientific liberal consensus that seemed to be building in the first half of the 20th century (Marsden, 255). Fundamentalism and The Family According to Marty, the fundamentalist desire to run off to a sacred past is the motivation behind their focus on re-establishing the family as a staple of social tell apart.They believe that the traditional family is one reminiscent of 17th century Puritanism, a time when religion played as large a role in society as it should now. Christian fundamentalist see the family as the ultimate authority, as it has become a potent symbol of an idealized moral order (Hardacre, 131). Thus, the imperative to return to an idealized form of the family is perhaps the highest priority of the fundamentalist social agenda (Hardacre, 131).They see the family as the divine infrastructure that is the basis for all other institutions in society, and are encouraged by spiritual leaders to make the home a moral haven from a corrupt world. The traditi onal lifestyle that is so revered by Christian fundamentalists is a patriarchal one, in accordance with the Bible. As a result, women willingly assume the subordinate position which is widely considered anti- feminist.In their idealized family, the husband is the sole breadwinner who exercises final authority in all matters, and the wifes role is simply to serve her husband, children and beau ideal. Additionally, females in fundamentalist households are taught to stifle their sexuality, as it could be used as a tool to manipulate the males in society. And, womens personification of tradition also takes the form of (often explicit) restrictions on their physical movements away from home (Hardacre, 139).In order to stick with tradition, women are often required to forego rearing beyond basic literacy, and employment in leading sectors of the economy (and most other professions). Especially from a feminist standpoint, it is oftentimes difficult to see why women would become such pass ionate advocates for a creed that deepens their subordination to men and requires them to relinquish most of their power. However, within fundamentalism, the female role of motherhood is considered to be the most crucial foundation for the family and society as a whole.Since many fundamentalists chose to homeschool their children, these mothers are also the sole educators for their oftentimes many offspring. And, as a large part of their educational focus is on Biblical study, females are called to pass on the meaning of their sacred scripture to the next generation. So though their perpetuation of patriarchy is widely considered anti-feminist, fundamentalist women do not see themselves as such. Instead, they see themselves as carrying out the ultimate female duty as God calls upon them to do.The Quiverfull movement is a smaller, more recent group who share the uniform desire for a traditional patriarchal family. They are a movement of people who believe is eschewing all forms of b irth control, and willingly accept as many children as they conceive. Not only are they unwilling to prevent pregnancy, but in the same effort to maintain patriarchy wives are required to engage in sexual sexual congress whenever their husband so chooses, oftentimes resulting in frequent reproduction.The basis for their lifestyle is found in archaic Testament Bible verses in Psalm 1273-4 that proclaims Lo, children are an heritage of the LORD and the fruit of the womb is his honorment As arrows are in the hand of a mighty man so are children of the youth. cheerful is the man that hath hisquiver fullof them (Quiverfull). Despite the premise of their movement being selection from a religious text, the Quiverfull movement is self-described as non-denominational, though it is often described as both evangelical and fundamentalist.Though their members are predominately evangelical (if not evangelical fundamentalists), look closer will see how they really fit in as a subset to the ov erall fundamentalist movement. As was just mentioned, the foundation of Quiverfull beliefs comes from a literal interpreting of the Bible, a characteristic of evangelicism and fundamentalism. And, they dont only base their reproductive habits off of the Bible Quiverfulls maintain that the Bible is inerrant in its entirety. In consequence, Quiverfull families base their familial structure off of the same scriptures that fundamentalists do, creating the same male-headed families.However, it would probably be inaccurate to say that all members of the Quiverfull movement share the same desire for separatism that is characterized in the participants of the fundamentalist movement. The fact that they do not self-describe themselves as Christian fundamentalists (though they do refer to the fundamentals) alone is suggestive of their less-exclusive nature. For example, if I were to decide now that I want no part in birth-control or family planning, and advocated that as the correct way of l ife, I would be part of the Quiverfull movement despite any of my other personal ideologies.Nevertheless, the premise of the movement coincides with objectives of fundamentalists, so it still can be considered a contribution to the success of the larger Fundamentalist movement as a whole. The Fundamentalists Identity In Castells The effect of Identity, he provides three origins of identity building, the basis for the formation of purposive collective actions whose outcome, in victory as in defeat, transforms the determine and institutions of society (Castells, 3).One of these, resistance identity, is similar to McAdams idea of oppositional consciousness. The latter is zippy to the success of any social movement, because the creation of a common enemy creates solidarity between its members, allowing them to link their experiences of loss to their oppressors, thus providing them with a common obstacle. This type of identity-building constructs forms of collective resistance agai nst otherwise unbearable oppression, usually on the basis of identities that were, apparently, clearly defined by history, geography, or biology, making it easier to essentialize the boundaries of existence.In this case, a collective identity is formed in response to dominant institutions or ideologies, just as fundamentalism emerged to combat the scientifically-progressive ideologies of the early 20th century. Fundamentalism is understood to be the construction of collective identity under the identification of individual conduct and societys institutions to the norms derived from Gods law, interpreted by a definite authority that intermediates between God and humanity (Castells 2, 13).Thus, to be properly perceived by fundamentalists one has to share their commitment to a authority, as they do in respect to patriarchal order and God. Castells also argues that the new global order with its uncontrollable processes of globalization and individualization of identity is accompanied by several brand new demographical tendencies. Among them there are the high rates of divorce, separation, delayed marriages, children born out of wedlock, violence in the family, gay and homosexual couples, single lifestyles etc. Castells 2, 26) altogether of these challenge patriarchalism by undermining its material and ideological bases, and Castells sees the Christian family as the only source of stability to this order. He claims that American Christian fundamentalism is not a rationalization of class interests, or territorial communal movements, but is rather a political process of defense of the moral, Christian values with the help of images from the past projected into the utopian future (Castells, 25).Therefore, fundamentalism derives its strength from the American culture with its deep pietism as well as familistic individualism and pragmatism as a shelter from solitude and doubtfulness of the contemporaryworld (Castells). Fundamentalism A Self Sustaining Movement For i ts participants, fundamentalism began with the formation of the scriptures and its sustainability is inevitable due to its universal validity. The only threat to its existence is the event after which worldly matters are no longer a concern to fundamentalists the imminent second coming of their savior, Jesus Christ.Until then, fundamentalism continues to exist in the social order as a well-organized, un-relenting, unified movement, fighting to influence American institutions in accordance with their beliefs. And, with America in the midst of major political and religious upthrow, there has never been a better time for fundamentalists to impose a structural change on our society. Concerning its sustainability, the fundamentalist movement has a clear, unwavering set of tenets and goals which can apply to every society.Furthermore, the solidarity of its members has been highly influenced by the movements ubiquitous enemy contemporary American culture. Their formation of an oppositio nal consciousness has been inherent in their basic dogma, and their list of enemies remains lengthy and ever growing. Their political opportunity has also continued to grow in strength, with an increasing number of right-wing conservatives standing behind their cause. This increase in ideological allies has been paired with a decrease in the strength of repression in society, as more and more Americans have become sympathetic to the fundamentalist message.This has been partially due to the post-9/11 need for revenge against a common enemy, which called for Americans to ban together and generally promoted the idea of returning to the family. This idea is further supported today by public figures like Sarah Palin and Glen Beck, the latter of whom is regarded higher in public-opinion than the president himself. Even despite their philosophical differences, evangelicals and fundamentalists have come together in their salute to change the schooling system, in opposition to secular huma nism.Together they seek a God-centered education that emphasizes character development and spiritual training, which requires a totally upheaval of the standard American educational system (Rose, 456). They have pressured public schools to remove certain books from classrooms and libraries, to teach scientific creationism alongside (or in place of) evolution, to eliminate sex education entirely, to adopt textbooks that reinforce traditional American values, that can be found in the scriptures and to avoid controversial subjects in the classroom, such as sex or evolution (Rose, 453).Protestants have developed their own branch of Christian schools, which though may not be strictly comprised of fundamentalists, is most popular among the more separatist and conservative wing of the evangelical movement. Since the 1960s enrollments in non-Catholic religiously affiliated schools, or schools of which the majority are evangelical, have increase some 149 percent (Rose, 454). These schools h ave been the fastest growing sector of private education, with approximately one million students (K-12) enrolled in roughly ten thousand schools, which equates to 20% of the total private school population.The goal of this alter form of education is to restore religious authority in society, re-strengthen parental authority, and educate their children while defend them from drug, sex, violence, and the lack of discipline in the public schools (Rose, 455). The schools form a sort of protective bubble around the fundamentalist youth, limiting their knowledge of diversity and progressive society. At fundamentalist universities, the Bible is the only form of literature that students study, and many times neither group discussion nor essay writing is part of the regular curriculum (Rose, 461).In other words, students read (for the most part) only the Bible, and do not practice the prescript skills that an education requires. This singularization of their knowledge successfully teache s children that fundamentalism is not only the right way, but the only way to live. All in all, it is clear that Protestant fundamentalism is concerned with protecting the sanctity of their ideology in every aspect. Worship, education, the family, friends, recreation, etc. must all adhere to a strict set of doctrinal beliefs, which can only be found in their inerrant Bible.Due to their confined nature, there is little room for desegregation with people of other faiths, which helps to perpetuate the distinct roles that women and children play in this sometimes described anti-progressive or anti-modernist movement. In their plight to change the schooling system, fundamentalists have merged with evangelicals to oppose the secular humanism that they consider to be grime their childrens minds. Together, they seek a God-centered education that emphasizes character development and spiritual training, which requires a totally upheaval of the standard American educational system (Rose, 456) .In addition, their patriarchal communities have restrained the role of women, charge them solely in the households to raise and sometimes educate their children. Furthermore, children are encouraged to confine their friendships, dating partners and spouses within the church, allowing little room for outward mobilization. For the most part, they constrain their children to educating them only the basics of Protestant fundamentals, and by breeding them in such a male dominated environment, perpetuate an anti-feminist ideology (Hardacre, 134). ConclusionIt is the fundamentalist insistence on uniformity of belief within ranks and separation from others whose beliefs and lives are suspect that has shaped a fierily unique demographic (Ammerman, 9). Their determination to accumulate ideological allies through zealous evangelism has taken fundamentalism from being a theological doctrine, to existing as a strong and ever growing social movement. Their separatist nature has led them to de velop their own faith-based communities, churches, schools, universities, radio stations, television shows and more.By creating their own neighborhoods and penetrating the education system, fundamentalists have succeeded in mobilizing and growing in size and authority.