The countries with small prison Essay

                 Small prison populations in a country may mean that the government is soft on crime since prisons were designed to hold the law breakers who have been convicted. On the other hand, it may mean that the government and the citizens of a country are doing enough on rehabilitation, training and control of the law breakers to avoid being found on the wrong side of the law (Foucault, 1977). Today, incarceration is considered to be the harshest sanction one can get for any criminal offence. Therefore, doing away with the shame and all the pain and suffering that one undergoes when imprisoned can be a better option to any government and its citizens. This paper focuses on how the small prison populations have been achieved in some countries, and answers the question of, why certain countries are considered soft on crime and others tough on crime.                  The countries like Sweden, which experience small prison population, have a humane way of sentencing law breakers. In in which the jail terms are always less than ten years. Even for the most serious law breakers, as opposed to other countries where the offenders of the law are given a jail term of not less than thirty to forty years behind bars. In real sense, this appears to be like life time imprisonment (Siegel, 2000). Taking into consideration, the life expectancies in various countries in the world. More so, the third world countries. Gendreau et al. (1999) states that the principle rationale for the compulsory minimums, creates a belief that, the duration of time spent in prison will always act as a deterrent to the future breaking of the law. The term spent in custody is believed to have effects in the victims behavioral characteristics such as suppressing criminals behavior due to unpleasantness in the life behind bars and negative social stigma associated with imprisonment this greatly reduce recidivism upon release. The time in prison is viewed as potential â€Å"psychological deep freezers†, in the sense that most of those  caught on the wrong side of the law do enter the prison with a set of antisocial behaviors and attitudes which are never changed during their times behind the bars, this greatly prevents interaction between the inmates which may lead to sharing of the ideas in perfecting their skills as they learn of the new ways of conducting their crimes through the other inmates. Thus the humanity in such countries has greatly helped reduce the crowding in the prisons giving adequate space for the incoming prisoners to get rooms in various prisons available in the various parts of such countries thus decrease in the prisoners populations.                Studies that have been conducted from 1958, involving approximately 336 000 law breakers have shown that there exists a correlation between recidivism and the length of time in prisons, and also the life as under incarceration and receiving the community based sanctions. The conclusions that were derived from such studies were prisons ought not to be used with the expectation of rectifying the behaviors of those who break the law, instead of subjecting those who break the law community based sanctions have proved to be the best teacher of the accepted behavior and norms with those around the victims and the communities at large. The excessive use of imprisonment too proved to have various cost implications, since when under custody the prisoners do meet various personalities and characters who introduce them to very immoral behaviors like homosexuality and lesbianism, the innocent prisoners are always raped, beaten and harassed and even forced to dance nude b efore other inmates. Such behaviors calls upon the prison officials to put in place repeated, comprehensive assessment of the law breakers attitudes, values, morals and behaviors while still under custody. Thus the offenders with the higher risk nature should be given reasonable periods in prison and subjected to adequate retribution.                Such countries too allow those who are under life incarceration to appeal to the courts after a given period, usually after ten to fifteen years, of time to be given a fixed term under  custody, the allowed time for any revised term always ranges between eighteen to twenty five years. The commuting of fixed terms do greatly reduce the number of those in custody, since most of those who do go for revision of their terms behind bars always succeed in overturning the previous rulings and emerge victorious in the sense of having a freedom one day after completing their terms behind bars. In United States of America, California State leads as the most propound with one of the toughest, broadest and most rigorously applied minimum policies, which are generally known as â€Å"the three strikes and out† law (D’Alession & Stolzenberg, 1997). The state has put in place a mandatory twenty five years to life for a third crime case and there is no distinct ion among the types of felonies at this stage (Bellisle, 1999).               Various countries have introduced the use of methods like electronic tagging, which is a cost effective, robust and reliable method of controlling monitoring and rectifying the behaviors of the law breakers. It has become one of the most effective means to resettle the custodians back into the society of the convicts and also using the community. Putting the tags provides a very effective way to keep on track the offender curfews, the equipment too consist of a monitoring unit which is based on radio frequency technology and its use is throughout the criminal system and as an important part of bail conditions too. The tag can be placed on the prisoner’s ankle and the monitoring unit situated in the home or other pace of curfew. The tag and the monitoring unit work together in which the tag acts as the transmitter which sends signals to the monitoring unit, which in turn sends signals to the control center. The tag and the monitoring unit are always unde r a twenty four hour monitor, thus an immediate response is always received for any kind of violation, bringing in time proof as one of its qualities thus maximum reliability. This technology when installed under a supervision requirement, greatly contribute to reduction in offending.                  Giving reassurance to the society that the behavior of the law breakers are on check.               Life behind bars without the hope of parole gives no chance for fulfillment outside the walls of prison, no chance to reconcile with the society, no hope (American Society Of Criminology, 1970). Maturity, at times do lead to the considered reflection which is the foundation of remorse, rehabilitation and renewal. Teenagers living their lives knowing that they have no chance of leaving prison until death, has very minimal incentive of becoming a responsible person. A country like The United States of America imposed sentence of life without a parole on the youths, the was achieved in the U.S by slowly and steadily doing away with the founding principles of the justice of the juvenile systems. Thus this day, a record number of various citizens in the U.S are living their youth, juvenile life without parole (JLWOP), without the fear of being sentenced for crimes committed before being eighteen years of age (Nellis, 2012). Increasing the age of those who can be se ntenced to life imprisonment to a reasonable age, for example eighteen to twenty one years, gives one the experience of life, making one more wiser and sound in both his or her reasoning and thinking capacities. This makes sure that as few childish law breakers as possible end up behind bars.               Post prison support, where the government take the initiative of teaching, guiding and supervising those on probation. This is done through free treatment programs, forums and organizing rallies to campaign against breaking the law, where the culprits are made to be fully involved after making vows never to be part of law breakers ever again. These services are always assisted by volunteers who are citizens of these countries, the volunteers always find ways to befriend the victims thus enabling them to become closer to these people making it much easier for them to interact while share ideas and opinions about where the victims do go wrong bringing some sense into the victims on probation. Mostly, the offenders are always jailed for either violence or on issues related to drugs, in such situations people who were once addicted but have found a way out of the bondage are used to help create a mentality that nothing is impossible and the victims too can also ch ange and make something better out of their lives rather than being caught on the wrong side of the law (Hall, 1982).               In most countries, the small prison population can be due to the prison break, which is the act of a prisoner escaping or  leaving  the prison through unaccepted ways. Escaping prison is regarded as a criminal offence in most countries. Therefore, when an escape occurs, efforts are always made by those in charge of the prison to recapture and bring them back. Such an offence, is always punished by additional jail terms and increased security. Other factors which include whether or not violence was involved during the escape. This is always done to discourage the other inmates from attempting to escape too. However, not all those who escape from prison are always recaptured. This too is a factor which have contributed to the reduction in population in most prisons. Example of such attempts which succeeded include, the 17th century escape of the Dutch author, Hugo Grotius, who escaped from Loevestein where he was being held captive. He managed to go through the security checks by getting into a book coffin and was then smuggled outside. In 1915 the German Naval Air Service Kapitanleutnant, known as Gunther Pluschow, escaped broke from Downingtown Hall prisoner of War camp (Sutherland & Cressey, 1974). From Texas Death Row in 1998, Martin Gurule escaped and he was found dead few days after (Siegel, 2000). Such incidents have greatly contributed to the small prison population in various countries across the world.                In some countries, prisoners are treated like other normal persons, with responsibility and trust. Instead of making them to spend time behind bars, they are given duties within the prisons and mandates to explore their talents and areas of profession. Such prisoners, though under custody becomes very important elements in the society. They always involve themselves in productivity of the nation. They learn new skills which do help them once they are out of prison. Once such skills are acquired, some of the prisoner always involve themselves too much into the new skills they acquire. Such serious involvements help the detainees to rehabilitate and start acting in manners which are always accepted in the community. This too gives the government and other volunteers who are always willing to help those on probation, easy time when dealing with such people when they finally come out of jail. They become good ambassadors, some of them join the volunteers as activ ists against being found on the wrong side of the law. Some, with their newly acquired skills always involved themselves in activities which are productive in the society such as the non-formal education e.g. tailoring, shop keeping etc., skill building programs which involves the motivational talks and subjection to training and control. Such like activities, which they do learn when behind bars while interacting with their fellow inmates. They turn up to be very important parts of the society. And also they are always accepted by most people, because of the important contributions that they make towards the well-being of those around them and the country. Through such activities, other members of the society who in one way or the other, may be found on the wrong side of the law do try as much as they can to try as much to live like those on probation whom they interact with in their day today life (Conclin, 1981).                The other factor which have greatly contributed to small population in prisons, is corruption. Research has shown that the corruption in most prisons, are more widespread and deeply rooted as ever before. The Transparency International United Kingdom (TI-UK) even the conclusions made, do underestimate the true extent of corruption in prisons. This is because they omit three major factors. These factors include, the risks of the officers who are not in the prison  staff being widely involved in corruption. The other factor is, the impact that the organized crime within the prison population has and the symbiosis relationship between the management performance and the corruption. The research shows that the main problem within the services offered in various prisons is smuggling of the illegal materials within the prison walls, these include, drugs and mobile phones. Siegel (2000) states that, the act smuggling not only involve the non-prison staffs but also the prison officers. The prison officers even involve themselves in unwanted relationships with those who have been incarcerated. This close relationship makes it easier for the prisoners to manipulate the officers’ mind and find ways to escape. Escape of prisoners who are in a relationship is always easier because they can be given the uniforms by the officers. Through this the populations are greatly reduced in such prisons. Such corrupt officers do accept bribes from the prisoners so as to help them escape out of the prison.               In countries like the United States of America where there is the highest number of prisoners, approximately 1.7 million. Research show that early 1990s, when the imprisonment rate was half of the present figures. A federal court order was released to reduce overcrowding. This left various states with only two choices, the first one was to put fewer law breakers in custody and secondly, to construct more prisons. In the State of Louisiana, they managed to achieve only the first option which was to lock up fewer people, this was due to lack of funds. But, they were determined to put every law breaker behind bars. The sheriffs had to find ways of footing the funds for construction of the new prisons. And after a few years, there were prisons in most parts of the state. To the sheriffs having people behind bars is like a business with opportunity to develop his law enforcement arm. The sheriffs do buy new squad cars, guns and laptops. These improvements in the ar ms made by the sheriffs, help improve and monitor the arms with ease. This help ensuring that there is very minimum crime cases in the arms headed by any sheriffs. Due to the increased rooms and bed spaces, with arms too for sheriffs to take charge, there is always competition among the sheriffs. This creates a healthy completion where no sheriff will want to be left out.             The high prison population, can also be due to high number of laws set by the government to individuals to tame those with unwanted behaviors in the society. The many laws that are always put in place are there to guide, train and control the citizens to act according to the countries orders. Those found on the wrong side are always put under the police custody for some period of time before being tried to court to be found guilty or not. This is done for every slightest mistake, because when left unpunished, such people always turns out to be criminals charged with very massive offences. To prevent these the government always resolve for the best option of holding the law breakers captives until they are fully rehabilitated. This has proved to be best method to tame the unruly citizens. Since, some of the citizens who always break the law are always afraid to be imprisoned. However, other unruly citizens in these countries which experience high number of populati on in their prisons do get into trouble because of the kind of treatment then get when locked under bars (Grapes, 2000). Not all citizens of a country lives a good state at their homes. Some are dwelling in absolute poverty. To avoid the stress of thinking what to wear and food to eat, they always resolve to get into trouble. Such people when under the custody of the police, they always sure that at the end of the day they’ll be having the basic needs that are unaffordable when they are at their homes (Sutherland & Cressey, 1974). This is due to the good treatment in most of the prisons in the developed countries, where the prisoners’ rooms are always fitted with luxurious equipment like television, internet enabled computers, washrooms etc. For the street urchins who are tired of sleeping in the cold, they always resolve to committing crimes which do land them in such luxurious prisons to eliminate the problems that they do have in life. Conclusion                   The evidence is overwhelming: small prison population does not mean that a country is soft on crime. Through rehabilitation, even the most stubborn criminal can turn out to be the best activist against crime. The life behind bars too can transform any person no matter how rotten the morals of the person is. Increase of the age for those who can be sentenced for life to a reasonable age too is an important contributing factor for the small prison population in these countries. These countries too may be acting soft on criminals in that in most cases the criminals who are kept in custody always find ways to escape. Corruption is also found to be one of the factors that majorly contribute to both low and high prison population in these prisons. On the other hand, those countries with a high prison population is found to have many laws. These laws are found to be the greatest contributor to the large numbers behind bars. References Siegel, L. J. (2000).  Criminology. Belmont, California-U.S.A: Wadsworth/Thomson Learning. American society of criminology. (1970).  Criminology. Columbus, OH [etc.: American Society of Criminology [etc. Sutherland, E. H., and Cressey, D. R. (1974). Criminology. Philadelphia-U.S.A: Lippincott Nellis, A. (2012). The Life of Juvenile Lifers. Washington, D.C-U.S.A: DeSales St. Foucault, M. (1977). Discipline and punish: The birth of the prison. New York: Pantheon Books. Gendreau, P., GOGGIN, C., LITTLE, T., AND CANADA. (1996).  Predicting adult offender recidivism: What works! Ottawa- Canada: Solicitor General Canada. Grapes, B. J. (2000).  Prisons. San Diego, CA: Greenhaven Press. Canadian criminal justice association. (2003).  Canadian journal of criminology and criminal justice Revue canadienne de criminologie et justice peÃŒ nale. Ottawa, Canadian Criminal Justice Association. http://www.metapress.com/content/1911-0219/. Hall williams, J. E. (1982).  Criminology and criminal justice. London, Butterworths. Source document

Academic Research and Communication Skills

The research study could not be completed without their guidance, assistance inspiration and co-operation. This project report is the fruit of intense hard work and dedication during the project work. I wish to thank our project supervisor Mr.. Fanfare Imam for his esteemed guidance during the course of project work. I am grateful to him for giving me an insight Into the realm of Academic Research and Communication Skills and build up a strong foundation. In spite of his busy schedule, he was always available whenever I required help.I appreciate all the technical help received from various sources. ABSTRACT The first and most objective of my study is the comparative analysis of consumer eying behavior from the local traditional markets and organized retail shops in India specifically Iambi. The study of consumer behavior is the most important factor for marketing of any goods and services. It suggests how an individual, groups and organization select ,buy, use and dispose the goods, services, ideas or experiences to satisfy their needs and wants.The term ‘retail' means to put on the market, and Is a very Important aspect of every city. Without a well organized retail industry we would not have our necessities and brings us a blissful experience of shopping. Though organized retailing industry began much earlier in the developed nations, India had not actively participated. However with its vast expanse and young population, India in the 21st century emerges as a highly potential retail market. Now-a-days the phrase ‘Shopping Mall' is synonymous to ‘comfort' which is what each consumer today desires.

Organizational Behavior Invictus Essay

Invictus is a film based on Nelson Mandela’s life during the 1995 Rugby World Cup in South Africa. The film tells the inspiring true story of how Nelson Mandela joined forces with the captain of South Africa’s rugby team to help unite their country. Morgan Freeman holding as a South African leader Nelson Mandela, whose recently been released from nearly 30 years of captivity in a tiny cell. He was been elected and become his country president. He believes one way to achieve a reunite country and racial reconciliation is through the success of the national Springboks rugby team, which is captain by Francois Pienaar. South Africa is hosting the 1995 World Cup Rugby Event and the Springboks team automatically qualifies for that. With help from Francois Pienaar, Mandela believes he can rally the entire country behind the team, especially if it does well in the tournament. This story portrays how this great leader manages and use his unexpected weapon to achieve his goals. 2.Issue and problem revealed in the movie. i – Sport is universal for all races, perspective are able to change and healing is able to take place; Rugby was to the white South African as a source of both pride and humiliation. The green and gold strip jersey of the national team which is â€Å"The Springboks† was honored by fan. As newly elected leader, Nelson Mandela responsibilities to tackle the pain and dispute that had been caused and reconcile the nation. In a widely discouraged political moved, Mandela focused on gaining support for the very team that represented Apartheid. It was Mandela that recognized the power of sport as a medium for political and social change as well become symbol of hope and reconciliation. In this movie it can realize that although the white and black people used sports as a tool through which to build community and have fun, the racial and social boundaries of Apartheid prevent them from integrating. Nationalism is usually formed around literature and film, but it can also be formed around victories and loses. A sport isn’t just something men compete in to show off their muscles or how much talent they have. It’s a powerful tool that brings people together whether their  realize it or not. Sports bring communities together. It is not just an individual watching and cheering a team on but a nation. In this movie, Nelson Mandela sees the opportunity to turn the South African rugby team into so much more than a show of manliness and he turns them into a symbol of inspiration for a country and changes the entire meaning of the sport. He reunites his country and give them the hope they need in order to forgive past wrongdoing and come together as a nation through rugby. In this movie, President Mandela and rugby team captain Francois Pienaar work together to unite South Africa and all its races together through the sport of rugby. A sports game give people a common cause. It gives them something to talk about, cheer and celebrate. They are cheering for one national team that represent everybody and every race. Through the victories and losses of the team, people unite. They have something to relate to that familiar to both parties and not just one race. They forgot what color everybody is and just focus on the team that represents their nation. This kind of solidarity can only be brought out by sports. Mandela capitalizes on this and uses the World Cup to bring about nationalism to a country on the brink of civil war. By the end of the movie, there are two different rugby teams. One team represent a disconnected racist South Africa and the other represents a united country celebrating not just personal victory but a national as well. There is a scene where Mandela ask Francois about how do they will inspire the nation and everyone around them. The answer is leading by example. If Mandela cannot forgive his white prison guards, how he can expect his country to forgive and reconcile each other. The same goes with the rugby team. The team is only able to connect and withstand when they go into the slums and meet with a group of black children and teach them how to play rugby. By personally teaching the children and showing them that the sport is universal for all races, perspective are able to change and healing is able to take place. ii – People have a life-long need for forgiveness, reconciliation and healing. Forgiveness being a way to not only change individual hearts but turn around a whole society. In the film, Freeman as Nelson Mandella says to his head of security, â€Å"Forgiveness liberates the soul†¦ that is why it is such a powerful weapon.† Forgiveness is not only liberates the individual soul but it can turn around the soul of a nation. It’s not a magic bullet that always and everywhere works but, it is a  powerful force of the spirit that should be tried more often than it is. Forgiveness is hard work, requires a steely commitment to make reconciliation happen at the deepest and realistic levels, and filters down from a leader to the people.

Family Support Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Family Support - Case Study Example Now, her and Leon reside in a studio apartment in substandard living conditions. The toilet constantly runs, and there is peeling paint, which can become a safety hazard to the baby. Marceline and Leon have complained to their landlord about these issues; however, the landlord is not receptive to the complaints, though, he does allow Leon and Marceline to pay the rent late, so long as they pay in the same month and pay the late fee. Along with the financial trouble that she finds herself in, she is having relationship troubles, as Leon is very impatient towards her son, who obviously suffers from a developmental or behavioral problem of some sorts, and he is not at tentative to her, since the both of them have fallen into financial trouble. She has fallen into alcoholism to cope with life's difficulties, as she states that she consumes a number of alcoholic beverages during the evening in order to calm her nerves, and she abuses other substances from time to time. Leon engages in thi s behavior right along with her for the same reasons. Marceline is very confused about who to remain in a relationship with, as she has been intimate with Michael, as a result of troubles with Leon, and Michael wants to be in her life again, helping and caring for his son Michael Jr. Marceline is so consumed with her troubles that she has even considered suicide as a means to ridding herself of the current problems and frustration at hand. In addition to her relationship troubles, her son, Michael Jr. is having troubles of his own. Michael Jr. is twenty-six months old. He is extremely avoidant, and has significant troubles communicating his wants and needs. He does not try to talk, and he throws tantrums on an almost constant basis. His young mother is so overwhelmed with him that she takes him over to his grandmother Grace's house, who is the mother of Michael Jr.'s father, and this woman also wants to take full custody of him because she feels that she is able to care for him bett er than his mother, who has even stated, out of frustration, that she has no desire for him, as she regrets having this child because she is unable to bond with him, due to his behavioral issues. Marceline is actually willing to give this child to Michael and his mother Grace without issue because the baby already spends a significant amount of time over at Grace's house, and Leon is in agreement. Though Marceline is frustrated with her son's behavior, and though she is fed up it is noticed that this is not what she wants to do, as she ends her first session by stating that she wishes to move in with Grace and her first love, Michael. In order to repair this family's situation and bring about stability, there are a number of issues that need to be addressed in a systematic fashion. In order to even begin helping the family tackle any of their issues, interviews need to be conducted with parties will be significantly involved in the outcome of Marceline and her son Michael Jr. These individuals are the baby's father, Michael, Grace, who is Michael's mother, and Marceline herself. There is no need for an interview with Leon, as he is merely a man on the side, and Marceline's goal seems to be that she wants to restore relations with her husband and move into her husband's family's home. Though she states in the beginning that she wants to repair her relationship with Leon, this is not what she really wants, as her statement at the end of her session makes

Parson, the birth of modern politics ( U.S. History to 1865 ) Essay - 1

Parson, the birth of modern politics ( U.S. History to 1865 ) - Essay Example Historians have argued that Andrew Jackson was a person who showed people what it meant to be in a political arena. Some of the actions may have been positive while others negative, but he managed to enter the books of history about what politics really involves; honor, ethics, democracy, conflicts, racism and liberation. Lynn Hudson Parson argues about how modern politics came to exist. In the 1828 presidential election, Andrew Jackson, who was a Major General, contested against John Quincy Adams and this election was what was viewed to be one that will be remembers through history. It was viewed as the first truly democratic presidential election which implemented campaign tactics (Parsons, 99). In that presidential election, Andrew Jackson, a hot-tempered and whose education was not perfect showed his supporters that he was a man of the people, genuine of his word and this made him make history after defeating an aristocrat whose education and political experience matched no other. The election led to the coordination of media, fund-raising, rallies be organized, polling of opinion, use of campaigns and research on opposition in order to gain an upper hand at the elections. In The Birth of Modern Politics, Parsons goes on to bring out Andrew as a man who made a historical achievement. Parson goes on to say how the contest brought out a national debate that involved incitements against each other in terms of culture, social life and the economic values of people. Those whose intentions were pure and had an interest in community development were pitted against those who believed that the only way communities would grow stronger is not by them standing together, but as individuals with the freedom to ensure that their own interests were satisfied above others. Despite the difference in backgrounds between Andrew and Quincy, they had the same values at heart, and

Labor Economics and Welfare Economics Research Paper

Labor Economics and Welfare Economics - Research Paper Example Second, utility is interpersonally similar and can be summed up (Rothbard, 2006). Early labor economics began shortly after the Second World War with its analytical range emerging further from the field of conventional economics. As a result, economists found labor economics a hard domain in terms of explaining the term in a strict economic logic (Burns, 2012). Adam Smith first expressed support for the idea of economics in labor in his 1776 work â€Å"Wealth of Nations.† During the mid-1700s, traditional political economy was successful ad prevailing in the domain of economic hypothesis and review between the 1700s and 1800s (Winter-Ebmer, 2014). This economy operated on the basis that capitalist market powers work do not assure that employees will get equal portions of the output. Afterwards, David Ricardo and Karl Marx extended this classical economy and made labor economics reach its climax during the mid-1800s. Marx cultivated his labor hypothesis of value and utilization to show how employees get just a portion of their output, with the remaining portions creating an economic excess adopted by capitalists for the sustenance of their consumption and investment operations (Burns, 2012). Welfare economics had more supporters than labor economics, with economists and researchers such as William Stanley Jevons, Carl Menger and Leon Walras leading the way by spreading the idea of marginal utility. Daniel Bernoulli issued a validation of marginal utility in 1738 under his Expected Utility Theory and contributed significantly to Welfare economics (Devarajan, 2014). Lastly, economist Hermann Heinrich Gossen expounded on an overall hypothesis of marginal utility to help further welfare economics across Europe (Rothbard, 2006). Opponents of labor economics warned against misunderstanding the word â€Å"labor† as specially connected to understandings acquired from the fields of sociology, politics, and organizational culture (Burns, 2012).

Evaluate E-Business Website (www.universalorlando.com) Assignment

Evaluate E-Business Website (www.universalorlando.com) - Assignment Example 2- INTRODUCTION In the ever increasing worldwide economy, e-commerce and e-business have progressively turned out to be a necessary element of business strategy as well as a powerful channel for financial progress. Additionally, the incorporation of ICT (information technology) in traditional business practice has transformed associations inside businesses, among stakeholders (such as workers and managers) and outside businesses. In addition, the utilization of information technology in business area has proficiently improved production, offered enhanced customer contribution, and facilitated through massive personalization, with the intention of minimizing business expenditures to some extent. Moreover, with the developments in web-based technologies and internet, differences among customary marketplaces and the worldwide electronic markets are slowly being confined. In this scenario, in e-business platforms, the use of ICT is intended to improve business performance. Additionally, it comprises some procedures that a business (legislative, a revenue or non-profit unit) can perform over a network supported by computer systems. In this scenario, wide-ranging description of e-business could be the change in a business’s practices to provide extra customer support through the implementation of technologies, computing models and thinking of the modern financial aspects (Andam, 2003), (Ray, 2011) and (Turban et al., 2005). 3- BUSINESS OVERVIEW Universal-Studios-Florida, Orlando was started in 90s as theme park that allows visitors to have rides as well as enjoy movies based entertainment. Additionally, the ideas of Universal Studio are aimed at providing the guests with an experience resembling that they are in a movie set watching shows, enjoying rides and a lot of children based facilities and attractions that are inspired by well-liked television, film and music productions for example Harry Porter based theme park. In addition, the park is composed of 6-t hemed sections those are Production Central, Hollywood, San Francisco/Amity, New York, Woody Woodpecker's Kidzone and World Expo. Universal Orlando Resort is a theme-park and attractive visiting place in Florida, Orlando. It is a combined business framework among Blackstone Group along with NBC Universal. In addition, Universal CityWalk is a night time activity place, and it comprises three Loews Hotels. Moreover, the Universal-Orlando-Resort is the leading assets owned by Universal Studios. Subsequent to the Walt Disney World Resort, the Theme Parks of Universal-Studios-Florida are the second biggest resort in Greater Orlando (Universal Orlando Resort, 2011). Furthermore, the Universal-Studios-Florida, Orlando uses a web technology based website that is www.universalorlando.com. This website is an e-business platform that allows visitors to purchase and take information about the business rides and resorts online. Moreover, this website also provides Universal Studios Florida Parks , Vacation Plans, tickets, hotels, packages and Park Tickets. 4- E-BUSINESS OF UNIVERSAL ORLANDO E-Business Universal Orlando is formed on multiple business paradigms. Universal Orlando

African tone languages Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

African tone languages - Essay Example African tone languages But such an analysis is bound to lead to some difficult questions such as – Is music a form of language? What is the significance of this interrelationship?, etc. These questions will be answered in the following passages. Such aspects as â€Å"in-time performance†, reportorial and generic distinctions will also be scrutinized. The most substantive evidence for the relation between African music and language is to be found in the song lyrics. Let us take the example of Daniel Avorgbedor’s popular song â€Å"It’s a Great Song†. The song belongs to a unique African genre referred to as â€Å"war of insults and music†. Rival groups from different villages engage in a contest of wits and insult each other. Factuality is not as important as their artistic merit. Even if the verses contain falsehoods and unwarranted maledictions, they are overlooked. For a western student of music and culture, such a practice may seem odd or even base. But it is important to understand the role such a musical expression plays in the African cultural context. First of all, much innovation is required in composition to bring about the desired effect. The particular insults relating to irregular teeth, body topography, family ancestry, people’s personal sex lives, etc, may appear unseemly for someo ne not accustomed to such renditions. To truly appreciate such a style of music, one has to pay attention to the wide variety of literary devices used by the composers (who are also called Anlo-Ewe poets) (Agawu, 2001).

Human Resources Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 8

Human Resources - Essay Example Strategic planning determines the general goals as well as objectives in an organization. Secondly there will be a need for human resource planning since it helps in determining whether there will be many workers, that is surplus or shortage of or enough employees to attain organizational objectives. In case there are few workers, the educational institution will have to recruit more workers (Brown, 2011; Tyson, 2012). Various alternatives can be used in the recruitment process, for instance, outsourcing as well as contingency workers. Before the education institution commences the recruitment process, they need to have guidelines on the recruitment process, referred to as policies and procedures that need to be adhered in the recruitment process. The organization will have to streamline the recruitment process. The institution has to avoid misunderstandings that can result in the workforce being dissatisfied. Recruitment of personnel does not happen in a vacuum since it is influenced by various factors in the organization and the environment (Tyson, 2012). Government regulations have to be considered when recruiting employees in the institution. The government has regulations that in most cases ensure that all the employees are treated in fair manner, and there is no discrimination basing on gender, race or disability among others. Adhering to the government regulation will help in ensuring that the institution operates in a manner that will ensure it does not have wrangles with the government for not adhering to its regulations. Government regulations set out the minimum wage for employees. When recruiting this factor has to be considered since the institution needs to pay its employees according to the set standards. Therefore, the institution has to ensure that the number of new employees hired is capable of paying (Brown, 2011). As mentioned before, an organization has to ensure that it adheres to its strategic plans when

Out of her mind women writing on madness by rebecca shannonhouse Essay - 1

Out of her mind women writing on madness by rebecca shannonhouse - Essay Example ses of â€Å"Renee† and Slater, the terror is created in the mind of the patient, part of her delusional state itself rather than something inflicted upon her by the outside world. Despite knowing that their anxieties are not based on anything in reality, neither woman can shake the fear or the depression which pervade their lives. All of the stories discuss various treatments they received, as well as their responses. Ward goes into detail great about shock therapy from the dissociated perspective of her protagonist Virginia, but the most common treatments discussed are medications. In the case of Slater’s Black Swans, the treatment (Prozac) is credited with â€Å"saving† the patient. (Shannonhouse, 146) The opposite is true of Millet’s The Loony Bin Trip, in which the medications are given to women against their will, controlling them with terrifying hallucinations, physical side effects of medications or physical restraint. Whether they appreciated their therapies or not, the medications had a profound impact on each of the women presented. In The Snake Pit by Mary Jane Ward, the narrator Virginia relates her depression and confusion using short words and choppy sentences. Her words are bleak, and her thoughts move haphazardly from one to another with little to hold them together. Virginia asks for advice about what to do from her real friends but they cant help her so she asks in her mind. Her delusions are no more helpful than real people: Dear Emily Post: Is it proper to go out park-sitting in a hoover apron? Answer: This is a custom entirely unknown to me, but if it is the general practice in your community it would be well not to be conspicuous. I assume the hoover apron is always fresh and that you would not lap the clean side over the soiled side and attempt in that way to maintain a false front. (Shannonhouse, 62) This stream of consciousness style of writing conveys clearly the confusion and dissociation Virginia experiences, both before and

State Board of Education With Regards to Equity and Equality of Public Assignment

State Board of Education With Regards to Equity and Equality of Public Education - Assignment Example Statistics reveal that students from poor backgrounds, particularly the African American, face stiff challenges in education. They often undergo expulsion and suspension from the learning institutions besides encountering challenges in accessing highly qualified teachers. The public education in the United States undoubtedly offers everyone an opportunity to learn. In other words, there is no valid debate as to whether there is a fair playing ground for students. However, the same cannot be said of the equity, which is critical in determining the effectiveness of equality. Equality provides everyone with equal opportunities ensuring that no one is favored in the process. However, without first addressing the issue of equity, equality might not be effective for a number of reasons. First, offering equal opportunities is commendable but when some people cannot access these opportunities because of separate predicaments, equality in the end is not achieved. This is the scenario in the public education. While all races can access the education, other factors such as income and historic injustices become a hurdle in seizing the opportunities (Lee, 2015). For that reason, it is imperative to scrutinize the proper steps to take and subsequently implement th em accordingly. Teaching strategies ought to be rectified, as there is ample evidence that they are not as effective as is expected, and this has adverse effects. It was noted that some students dropped out of school even before high school graduation. Worse still, those who completed and received high school diplomas did not certify the expected competence (Levin, Belfield, Muennig & Rouse, 2007). While the public education sector could be suffering from other issues, the strategies implemented do little to remedy the situation. Thus, it is vitally important to have a change on these in order to ensure that the much-hyped equality is

Connotative Power Essay Example for Free

Connotative Power Essay Self-Checked Activities Read the instructions for the following activities and type in your responses. Click the link to the Student Answer Sheet at the end of the lesson. Use the answers or sample responses to evaluate your own work. 1. Identifying Connotations a. Decide whether the bold word in each sentence is using a denotative or connotative meaning: †¢ Wendy hit the tennis ball. †¢ Phil bought a cheap car at the used car lot. †¢ They often serve a lot of strange foods at that restaurant. †¢ I told my younger brother that he shouldn’t be such a baby. †¢ Kevin studied most of the night for the SAT. Type your response here: | |Denotative or Connotative? | |hit |Connotative | |cheap |Denotative | |strange |Connotative | |baby |Denotative | |studied |Connotative | b. List the words from the previous activity that are denotative in meaning. For each word listed, rewrite the sentence that uses the word, replacing the denotative word with a connotative word (or phrase). The connotative meaning can be positive or negative. Type your response here: How did you do? Check a box below. Nailed It!—I included all of the same ideas as the model response on the Student Answer Sheet. Halfway There—I included most of the ideas in the model response on the Student Answer Sheet. Not Great—I did not include any of the ideas in the model response on the Student Answer Sheet. 2. Forms of Connotations a. For each sentence listed below, state whether the sentence has a negative, positive, or neutral connotation and then rewrite the sentence so it has a different connotation. Type your response here: |Original sentence |Connotation |Revised Sentence | |They gobbled desserts at Alison’s party. |Negative |They ate desserts at Alison’s party. | |We watched the eagle fly above the mountains |Neutral |We patrolled the eagle fly above the mountains to the west. | |to the west. | | | |Dan and Marsha have accepted twelve foster |Positive |Dan and Marsha have okayed  twelve foster children into their | |children into their house. | |house. | |Tom is studying for a job in the medical |Neutral |Tom is pondering for a job in the medical profession. | |profession. | | | b. In 1999, Elie Wiesel gave a speech called â€Å"The Perils of Indifference† in Washington, DC, to address his experiences as a prisoner in the Auschwitz concentration camp and his concerns about society’s indifference to the suffering that continues into the twenty-first century. Read the speech and find six examples of text (word or phrase) with a connotative meaning. Write these examples in the table, note whether the text has a negative or a positive connotation, and state the effect Wiesel was trying to achieve by using it. Type your response here: |Text from Speech |Connotation |Effect Wiesel Was Trying to Achieve | |Commander in Chief of the army that freed me |Positive |Show his respect to President Bill Clinton. | |and tens of thousands of others. | | | |â€Å"people who are indifferent have meaningless |Negative |People who don’t care, lives have no worth. | |lives† | | | |â€Å"In a way, to be indifferent to that suffering|Negative |People did not care about what they suffered through , so that | |is what makes the human being inhuman.† | |makes a person cruel. | |Humanity |Positive |Having all human rights. | |Indifferent |Negative |Not caring. | |Gratitude |Positive |Being thankful. | How did you do? Check a box below. Nailed It!—I included all of the same ideas as the model response on the Student Answer Sheet. Halfway There—I included most of the ideas in the model response on the Student Answer Sheet. Not Great—I did not include any of the ideas in the model response on the Student Answer Sheet. 3. Explaining Connotations a. Explain several examples of connotation in Langston Hughes’s poem â€Å"Will V-Day Be Me-Day Too?† Type your response here: There was positive connotation, where he talked about fighting for the United States. There was negative connotation, where he was talking about watching people die. There was neutral connotation, where he was talking about winning the world and them having theie own â€Å"V-Day.† b. How does Hughes use connotative language to compare the plight of African Americans to that of the Jews during World War II? Type your response here: How did you do? Check a box below. Nailed It!—I included all of the same ideas as the model response on the Student Answer Sheet. Halfway There—I included most of the ideas in the model response on the Student Answer Sheet. Not Great—I did not include any of the ideas in the model response on the Student Answer Sheet. Teacher-Graded Activities Write a response for each of the following activities. Check the Evaluation section at the end of this document to make sure you have met the expected criteria for the assignment. When you have finished, submit your work to your teacher. 1. Denotation and Connotation in Literary Works a. Write down the titles and authors of three works you will examine for use of connotative and denotative language. Choose the three works from among the novels, short stories, poems, speeches, essays, and plays you read in class this year. Type your response here: b. Read or review each text, looking for examples of denotative and connotative language. In the chart, write two examples of denotative language and two examples of connotative language for each of the three works you selected. Then, for the examples of connotative language, describe the effect, or emotional response, the author was trying to achieve by this use of language. Type your response here: |Literary Work |Denotative Language |Connotative Language (with page #) and Effect Achieved | |(Title/Author/Genre) |(with page #) | | |Out-Out by Robert Frost | | | | | | | |Desert Places by Robert Frost |BENIGHTED; |NIGHT; A negative connotation; Darkness or visionless | | | |SNOW; Also a negative connotation; Cold | |The Snow Man by Wallace Stevens | |CRUSTED; | | | |GLITTER; | Evaluation Your teacher will use this rubric to evaluate the completeness of your work as well as the clarity of thinking you exhibit. | |Concepts | |Distingui|The student has identified three literature titles and their authors. | |shed |The student has accurately identified two examples of denotative language and two examples of connotative language for each work of | |(4 |literature. | |points) |For each example, the student has accurately described the effect or emotional response achieved by the author. | |Proficien|The student has identified three literature titles and their authors. | |t (3 |The student has adequately identified two examples of denotative language and two examples of connotative language for each work of | |points) |literature. | | |For each example, the student has adequately described the effect or emotional response achieved by the author. | |Developin|The student has identified three or fewer literature titles and their authors. | |g (2 |The student has tried to identify some examples of denotative and connotative language for the works of literature. | |points) |For some examples, the student has tried to describe the effect or emotional response achieved by the author. | |Beginning|The student has not identified three literature titles and their authors. | |(1 point)|The student has not identified examples of denotative and connotative language for each work of literature. | | |For some examples, the student has failed to describe the effect or emotional response achieved by the author. |

Assessing Globalization In Saudi Arabia

Assessing Globalization In Saudi Arabia Globalization is defined as a process in which people companies and governments of different countries interact and integrate among each other. This process has been found to be driven by international trade and is also significantly aided by information technology. Since we are more interested in its effect on the economic condition of Saudi Arabia, hence the term that is of greater importance for us is the term economic globalization that refers to the integration of national economies to form an international economy. When talking of economic globalization we are more interested in knowing the foreign direct investments, migration, capital flows and the spread of technology for a country. The process of globalization affects the environment, culture economic developments, prosperity and the physical well being of humans. As people going to different places and performing business at different places have an effect on the people of that place and thus we can say that globalization has resulted in widening of cultural boundaries around the world. Although globalization is thought of as a relatively new process but if we go in depth history we find that globalization has been affecting the people around the world for years. If we go into the history we find signs of globalization since the time when China and Europe were connected to each other through the famous Silk Road in the Middle Ages. If we the features of compare current wave of globalization with the time just before the First World War in 1914 we find that there are many similarities Although there have been instances of globalization since ancient times but the speed at which the world globalized was never the same as it is in the current era. The main reason for this have been technological advancements and the policies implemented by the countries in the past few decades. Going into the details of figures we find that the volume of world trade has become 20 times of its volume in the year 1950. The pace of globalization can also be observed by observing the foreign investments taking place around the world. Observing this factor our statement gets even more support as flows of foreign investments were observed to be doubled in a span of just two years in the period from 1997 to 1999 when they increased from $468 billion to $827 billion. Thus observing these figures we can say that the globalization today is taking place at a much faster rate than it has ever been in the past. Observing the increase in the pace of globalization it is important to observe the factors behind this rapid increase in the rate of globalization around the world. The policies adopted by the governments of various countries around the world have served as an accelerator for globalization. The policies of governments around the world since the second world have led to opening up of economies around the world. The countries have adopted free market economic systems around the world. These steps have led to numerous opportunities for international trade and investments. It has also been observed that various restrictions on foreign trades and investments have been relaxed over the past few years especially the last two decades. Thus these policies have helped in the achieving the aim of international, industrial and financial business structure. Since the Second World War the politicians have been planning to break down borders that hampered trades in the process they have found several international institutions intended to see that this process could be easily facilitated. Institutions like World Bank and International Monetary fund (IMF) were setup in the process. There were many agreements on opening up of trades after the Second World War which led to the formation of General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT). Since then World Trade Organization (WTO), which was found as result of agreements signed under GATT has been working with an aim of promoting Global trades freely. As mentioned above technology has served as one of the key drivers for globalization. Information Technology in particular has played a dramatic role in transforming economic life around the world and has played a key role in promoting globalization it has brought consumers, investors, business together by means of internet and e-commerce. It has brought all the information from around the world available to each person who wishes to get access to the information. It has resulted in faster and more detailed analysis of economic trends, has made the transfer of assets easier and has also made communication between distant people much easier. History of Saudi Arabia: Saudi Arabia, the homeland of Arabs is also considered to be the place of origination of the second largest religion- Islam. The holy cities of Mecca and Medina are situated in Saudi Arabia which attracts a large number of pilgrims each year to the country. Ibn Saud who ruled from 1882-1953 is considered to be the main creator of the kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Ibn Saud was a descendant of Wahhabi leaders and emerged out as a leader of the Arab nationalist movement. The discovery of oil in 1936 served as a milestone for Saudi Arabia as Saudi Arabia is a major producer of oil and has huge reserves of oil since ancient times. With the beginning of commercial production of oil during the World War II huge revenues started flowing into the country thus leading to a large amount of wealth for the country. As a result free health care and education were provided to the residents of Saudi Arabia without any collection of taxes. Saudi Arabia was permitted to become to be the charter member of United Nations even though it was neutral during the World War II. The country became a member of the Arab league in 1945 and played an important role in the 1948-49 war against Israel and still does not recognize Israel as a country. The year 1953 marked the death of the king that is considered as the creator of the kingdom of Saudi Arabia. With the death of Ibn Saud 11 year long reign of his son Saud began. Sauds reign was marked by increasing hostility of Egypts Gamal Abdel Nasser towards radical Arabism. In 1964 Saud was dethroned and replaced by the Prime Minister. Crown Prince Faisal was appointed as the prime minister of Saudi Arabia. Faisal did not give any military support to Egypt during the 1967 Arab Israel war but gave only vocal support. Faisal was assassinated in 1975 by a degraded kinsman. This assassination shook the Middle East but Faisals kingdom remained unperturbed and he was succeeded by his brother Prince Khalid. Prince Khalids support Egypt during negotiations on withdrawal of Israel from Sinai desert was quite influential. King Khalid died due to a heart attack in 1982. King Khalids half brother, Prince Fahd Bin Abdulaziz became the successor of Prince Khalid but he chose his half brother Abdullah as the crown prince. With the fear of becoming Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeinis next target if Iraq was conquered by Iran Saudi Arabia along with smaller oil rich states of the Arab on the Persian Gulf made huge financial contributions in the 1980s towards Iraqi war effort. Due to conserved efforts of oil consuming nations and Saudi Arabia being cheated by other members of Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) led to a reduction in oil prices. The revenues coming from oil into Saudi Arabia reduced from $120 billion to $25 billion within a span of 5 years from 1980 to 1985. After suffering an incapacitating stroke, King Fahd passed his authorities to Crown Prince Abdullah. In 1998 Saudi Arabia entered its first recession in six years when its oil income fell by 40% due to a worldwide decrease in oil prices. An overview of Saudi Arabias economy and the state of their economic progress: During the last fifty years the economy of Saudi Arabia has developed at a swift pace as the Saudi state has been established and expanded. The country is economically very diverse but the income coming from oil revenues has played a significant role in the development of the state by the help of modern institutions of bureaucracy. It would have been quite difficult to think of a separate state of before the discovery of oil. Before 1930s the region which later came under the state of Saudi was composed od several regions with different regions depending on different products for their income. The Hijaz which was a western province, for example was dependent chiefly on subsistence agriculture, long distance trades and pilgrims coming to visit the holy places of Mecca and Medina as a source of revenue for the state. Since there many deserts in Saudi Arabia and the living conditions were quite hostile due to its harsh climate and lack of water there was a huge geographical separation between people of the country as most of the population concentrated at places where water was available. The influence from the outside world was quite negligible a as it was not only difficult to travel within the country but also the country lacked natural resources that could attract people from outside. There three main events that have led to the current structure of the Saudi Arabian economy. These events were the discovery of oil just six years after the establishment of Saudi Arabia, the rebuilding of Europe after the World War II which was greatly based on industrialization and the increasing demand of oil. All these events worked as a catalyst in increasing the growth rate of Saudi Arabia and led to enhancement in its position. With the discovery of oil there was a huge increase in revenues flowing into Saudi Arabia and the country witnessed a huge increase in the treasury during the rule of Abd Al Aziz Al in Abd also known as Rahman Saud from 1932 to 1953. This inflow of funds helped him to exert greater economic and political control over the territories under his control. This control helped him to implement all his ideas effectively and efficiently and during his reign the state saw a significant economic change with a shift from the traditional economy to an economy which depended primarily on states outlay. The huge reserves of oil in Saudi Arabia have not only driven huge revenues for the country but have also added to the importance of Saudi Arabia to the world. Initially with industrialization Europe was dependent on Saudi Arabia but today the flow of oil has become very essential the economic stability of the world. Saudi Arabia being the only major oil producing country that has significant excess capacity of crude oil has made the oil production and investment policies of Saudi Arabia an issue of international importance as the country has a strong influence on prices and supplies of oil internationally. Despite the attempts of authorities to diversify the economy and develop a non oil based sector in the country but practical implementation of these plans have proved to be more difficult than was expected by the authorities as Saudi is still under the influence of its traditional customs and although huge revenues have been flowing into the country since the invention of oil but the average standard of living of an average citizen of Saudi Arabia has increased as would be expected. Hence the real income source for Saudi Arabia is still the revenues coming from export and trading of oil. In the 1990s Saudi Arabia set out to meet the challenges of increasing oil production with the increasing demand and lower supplies from the former Soviet Union countries. As a result the authorities applied expansion plans for oil industry. In the process firstly the national oil company, Saudi Aramco planned to increase the domestic crude oil production from 8.4 million barrels per day in 1992 to between 10.5 million and 11 million barrels per day in the year 1995. In the process increased the share of production of lighter grades of crude oil. As a result of pollution and global warming becoming important aspects for all countries and with the demand of oil increasing Saudi Arabian Marketing and Refining Company (SAMAREC) decided to upgrade its refineries in order to meet high environmental standards followed in the western world. This step could also be seen as a step to increase production and keeping the demand of oil for Saudi Arabia constant without being affected by the lack of demand due to higher standards of oil required by the western countries. Thirdly the country acquired refineries in other countries and also planned to purchase refineries in places closer to their key consuming markets in order to reduce the cost of transportation incurred by the company and also led to an increase in the market share of Saudi Arabia in the world market. There was a sharp increase in the oil prices during 1970s and early 1980s which led to a huge increase in revenues for Saudi Arabia. This increase helped Saudi Arabia to get out of the chronic financial constraints that Saudi Arabia had been facing during the last few years. Since Saudi Arabias economy was not one of the best at time so its absorption capacity was also limited which resulted in delays in using the funds which led to creation of a large amount of funds for both government and private sectors of the Dubai economy and a large part of these surpluses were in international financial institutions and in securities of western government. In 1982 the emphasis of the government changed from managing surpluses to dealing with growing budgetary and concentrated on balancing payments shortfall. During the same time the world saw a decrement in the oil prices which resulted in a decrease in revenues for the country. This led the government into a problem as they were largely committed to big projects and the government had to make a large budget which resulted in a drawdown of foreign assets of the country. The country was also hit by the devaluation of dollar in the international market as the oil payments are made in dollars so the country had to face a double blow due to a reduction in oil prices and the weakening of dollar. The impact of rapid economic change or growth on employment and the workforce of the country: There have been many rapid economic changes in the world today. Most of these have affected almost all the countries across the world. Economic changes around the world have taken place since ancient times but with the opening up of economies around the world their effect is felt by almost all companies around the world. As today most of the countries are engaged in cross border businesses and trades. The effects of globalization have affected almost all the countries. Even though Saudi Arabia still has a relatively much close economy but it too has been affected by the rapid changes taking place around the world. Saudi Arabia is a major exporter of oil and its products which has become a necessity for any country around the world hence the economy of Saudi Arabia is bound to be affected by any economic changes taking place globally. As oil payments are made in dollars a change in dollar prices affects Saudi Arabia. Any recession hitting the world also affects Saudi Arabia as the dem and for oil reduces during even a hint of recession. Out of the many rapid changes, globalization has been a change that has affected the world greatly and there have been positive as well as negative responses of globalization. With globalization economies have opened up and restrictions on trades have been reduced greatly. Restrictions on imports and exports have been relaxed greatly in all parts of the world. The world today has become a global village. As a result of globalization which has been one of the most significant economic changes over the last few years the quality of oil produced within the country has been increased. The workforce of the country although still comprises mostly of the residents of Saudi Arabia only as the economy has not opened up as much as other countries have opened up. Also the education system and the traditional ways of working are still followed in Saudi Arabia. The employment has increased with the recent changes and the world turning up to industrialization more and more oil refineries have been setup in order to meet the increasing demand of oil around the world. Challenges and opportunities for Saudi Arabia: The opening up of the world and the closed structure of Saudi Arabias economy has also created some challenges for the country. It has been internationally recognized that the standard of living in Saudi Arabia is not as good as other parts of country. The mindset of the people living is still more influenced by the Arabic and Islamic cultures and the people are not quite open to accept views of others even if they might be better than what they might have thought. The country today also has a challenge of improving the education standard of the people living in the country. As the education standard of people living in Saudi Arabia is far below standards. Also the technological advancement is far slower than other parts of the world. The major challenge for the economy of Saudi Arabia is to develop other sectors of the market also and reduce its dependency on oil as oil being a non renewable source will be exhausted one day and it is important to have other sources of income also. Although the country also has many opportunities and also has the inflow of income required to help them achieve their goals. The income coming in from their oil reserves can be implemented in order to develop other sectors of market. The people of the country need an exposure to the outside world which may be possible if the economy opens up. The standard of education is currently a big concern which needs to be tackled properly. The current up comings have revealed that the government of Saudi Arabia has understood the importance of English and has started laying stress on promoting English amongst the people of the country. If the country is able to develop technically and the standard of education could be increased then there are probabilities that the outcome for the country would be quite good and self explanatory and will have a fortifying effect in its position among other countries of the world. Interesting Facts about Saudi Arabia: Some of the interesting facts about the country are listed below: Kingdom of Saudi Arabia is the official name of Saudi Arabia. The system of absolute monarchy s followed in Saudi Arabia. In terms of area it is the largest country in the Middle East. Saudi Arabia is also known as the land of two holy mosques as it houses Mecca and Medina the two holiest places in Islam. Oil accounts for more than 75% of the governments revenues and forms part of more than 90% exports from Saudi Arabia. The largest oil producing company ARAMCO is situated in Saudi Arabia. The first university in Saudi Arabia was found in 1957. Conclusion: From the study made to prepare this paper it is quite clear that the economy of Saudi Arabia is based on revenues coming from oil. The study has also revealed the closed structure of economy of Saudi Arabia and has exposed the lower standards of living and education standards in this country which is the largest producer of oil in the world. The country has a good impact on the world as it is the largest producer of oil in the world and oil is essential for any country in todays era of industrialization. All to compete with the world in a more profound manner it is important for them to improve their base in technological sectors and also improve the education standards of the country. The emphasis on English also has to be increased in order to promote talks internationally and remove third party intervention in international talks. Lastly I would like to say that the country has large inflow of income due to its richness in oil reserves and if the funds coming in from the oil produ ction are applied in right direction and with emphasis on technology and education Saudi Arabia can develop into a country which can compete with any world class country.

Issues of social balance and mixed communities

Issues of social balance and mixed communities Interest in social balance and mixed communities has arisen as a response to both increased management issues in social housing and to concepts of the underclass and social exclusion. The identification of significant and persistent inequalities between areas at the ward and neighbourhood level in recent research (e.g. Meen et al., 2005) has triggered a shift in housing strategy and policy. Social balance is now entrenched within English housing and planning policy where it provides a correction to the housing markets natural tendency to segregate (Goodchild and Cole, 2001). Although this state interventionist approach has come under-fire from academics such as Cheshire (2007), who argue that spatial policy cannot correct deep-rooted social and economic forces and that the focus of policy should be to reduce income inequality in society not just treat the consequences of it, social mixing has gained popular support in urban policy. This literature review outlines the mixed community approach to urban gentrification in urban policy by discussing its latest iteration, the MCI. The MCIs place in UK policy discourse is then analysed as a way of exploring its conceptual and theoretical ideologies for area regeneration. Finally, an in depth review of the literature is conducted which reengages with Mixed Communities as an approach to area regeneration Since 2005, the mixed communities approach to gentrification and the renewal of disadvantaged neighbourhoods has become firmly embedded in the UKs housing and planning policy. The approach was first announced in January 2005 in the Mixed Communities Initiative (MCI) which formed part of New Labours five year plan for the delivery of sustainable communities. The MCI has four core components (Lupton et al., 2009); A commitment to the transformation of areas with concentrated poverty, to provide a better housing environment, higher employment, better education, less crime and higher educational achievements. To achieve these through changes in the housing stock and attraction of new populations, whilst improving opportunities for existing populations. Finance development by recognising the value of publicly owned land and other public assets. Integrate government policies to produce a holistic approach which is sustainable through mainstream funding. Initially the MCI was delivered through twelve demonstration projects situated in the most deprived neighbourhoods in the UK. However, more recently the concepts behind the mixed community approach have grown beyond these projects and are now advocated by planning authorities in a diverse range of areas. Consequently, mixed community developments are emerging without demonstration project status and as such mixed communities have become an approach to area regeneration in addition to being a government policy initiative (Silverman et al., 2006). In response to this policy development the purpose of this literature review is two-fold. Firstly, through analysis of the theories of poverty, place and gentrification in policy discourse it is possible to gain an understanding of the rationale behind the mixed communities conception of the causes place poverty. Review Secondly Theories of Poverty and Place in Urban Policy Any form of urban regeneration reflects a specific theoretical understanding of the causes of place poverty. Throughout the 20th Century UK urban policy has undergone a transformation in its understanding of the causes of place poverty and consequently the approach to urban regeneration has altered. A broad distinction can be made in the UKs approaches to regeneration; between early regeneration by the Keynesian welfare state and that advocated by conservative governments. The former looked to correct the crisis of the neighbourhood through neighbourhood improvement. This approach understands the problems of declining areas as a product of the economic structures which cause spatial and social inequality (Katz, 2004). In response they looked to improve living conditions and try to equalise life chances through redistributive social welfare programmes. In contrast to neighbourhood improvement is the neighbourhood transformation approach, a discernibly neoliberal approach advocated by conservative governments. Here the problems of disadvantaged neighbourhoods are understood as the product of market failures rather than underlying economic structures. The creation of mass social housing estates and overly generous benefit regimes are some of the market failures which reportedly trap the disadvantaged in social cultures of dependency (Goetz, 2003). In the neighbourhood improvement approach these areas are seen as a barrier to market forces; occupying inner city areas with good commercial and residential property investment potential. According to Lupton and Fuller (2009:1016) the neighbourhood improvement approach understands the solution to be: not simply the amelioration of conditions in these neighbourhoods for the benefit of their current residents, but the restoration of market functionality through the physical change and transformation of the position of the neighbourhood in the urban hierarchy Perhaps the best example of this is the role of Urban Development Corporations which brought about the transformation of the London Docklands in the 1980s. Their presence instigated a fundamental change in the role of the state in urban development, from a regulator of the market to an agent within the market. The state was now responsible for fostering the economic conditions under which the economic productivity of areas and communities could be improved. In 1997 New Labours urban regeneration policy was hailed as a divorce from this transformational approach and a return to the improvement approach. The government pioneered an array of new, enhanced public services under the National Strategy for Neighbourhood Renewal. Included was the Neighbourhood Renewal Unit and the New Deal for Communities (NDC) which facilitated interaction between local agents on neighbourhood improvement. Whilst this strategy had the appearance of a strong local focus which prioritised residents, other elements of New Labours policies were characteristically neoliberal. As Fuller and Geddes (2008) remark, Labours urban interventions focus on an equality of opportunity agenda which aspires to greater social cohesion and inclusion by devolving responsibility to local citizens. However, by not matching these responsibilities with appropriate state powers within the NRU and NDC there has been little support for local citizens except to merely compensate the indiv iduals and places put at risk by market forces. As such New Labours initiatives have failed to deliver major redistributional interventions which relinquish local state agents from neoliberal targets, cultures and forms of control (Jessop, 1990). Neoliberal theories of poverty and place within the MCI Within this policy discourse the MCI exists as a more characteristically neoliberal initiative. It is clear in its understanding of the problem, concentrated poverty, and the solution, de-concentration through gentrification and neighbourhood transformation. By doing this the MCI subscribes to a policy discourse which understands concentrated poverty as a spatial metaphor (Crump, 2002). This metaphor inherently undermines complex economic, social and political processes and uses the individual failings of the poor within concentrated spaces to justify their dilution or removal. The concentrated poverty thesis originated from the US (e.g. The Hope VI Urban Revitalisation Programme) where it provides legitimacy to policies which alter cities spatial structures through market forces. Such influences have encouraged British policy makers to adopt a more radical approach to urban regeneration and advocate extensive demolition and gentrification to restore functioning housing markets, imposing a neoliberal agenda on struggling housing environments (Imbroscio, 2008). The MCIs focus on market restoration is clearly articulated: the aim is that success measures should be choice. Reputation, choice of staying and that people want to move in its about market choice (Senior CLG official in Lupton et al., 2009:36) The government realises that while public service improvements will help create this market, it is not enough alone physical change is required to enhance peoples attraction to the neighbourhood and its market. The states role is therefore not just to invest directly but improve and diversify the housing stock whilst decreasing public housing ratios with the explicit goal of stimulating market processes. However, a further consequence of this is the re-population of The mixed communities approach requires the state to fund the improvement of services, in many cases to attract better-off residents, and sell or gift land to the private sector. The removal of social housing through its gift to the private sector inherently creates a spatial fix for poverty and incentivises the development of mixed-income housing developments. In such a situation there is potential for the private sector to change social housing in co-ordinance with market dynamics and consequently complex and marginal developments will be neglected (Adair et al., 2003). CONCLUDE and develop a little mention gentrifiction Impact of Mixed Communities As long as 30 years ago, Holcomb and Beauregard (1981) were critical of the way it was assumed that benefits of urban revitalisation through social mixing would trickle down to the poor. Despite the consequential academic debate, which disputed whether gentrification leads to social exclusion, segregation and displacement, it has become increasingly popular in urban policy where it is assumed that its application leads to a more socially mixed, integrated, and sustainable urban environment. The following review will explore the literature which questions whether moving middle-income populations into low-income neighbourhoods or vice versa has a positive impact on residents urban experience. link to mixed communities Schoon (2001) identifies three rationales behind social mixing in policy debates. Firstly, there is an assumption that the middle-class are more likely to attract public resources and as such the lower-income household will fare better in socially mixed communities. Secondly, mixed income developments are in a better position to support a local economy than areas of concentrated poverty. Finally and most controversially, the networks and contacts argument advocated by Putnam (1995) poses that socially mixed neighbourhoods create an environment which improves the bridging and bonding of social capital between social classes. Consequently, lower-income residents have more opportunities to network and break out of poverty than they would in areas of concentrated deprivation. The Social Exclusion Unit (1998:53) expands on this: [socially mixed neighbourhoods] often brings people into contact with those outside their normal circle, broadening horizons and raising expectations, and can link people into informal networks through which work is more easily found. These three arguments are the cornerstone of a global policy discourse which has received very little critique in the UK. One of the reasons for this is the way it is framed. The social mixing agenda which has been prominent in western efforts to decentralise poverty is a discourse which actively avoids the word gentrification. Instead it uses terms like urban revitalisation, urban regeneration, and urban sustainability to redefine itself as a moral discourse which helps the poor (Slater, 2005; 2006). By doing this the discourse deflects from the class restructuring processes which define its implementation. Previous Studies As of yet there is little consensus around the ability of gentrification to achieve the goals asked of it, neither is it clear what type of social mix is most desirable or the outcomes of different mixes (Walks and Maaranen, 2008). For instance, Tunstall and Fenton (2006) who claim to amass the best UK research on social mix conclude that although knowledge gaps exist the founding arguments for mixed communities remains valid. Yet, in contrast, Doherty et al. (2006) undertook quantitative analysis of the UK census and Scottish Longitudinal Study and concluded that there is little evidence to support the mixing of housing tenures in developments with the premise of improving social well-being. Purpose sentence Randolph and Wood (2003) note that much of the research conducted so far has concentrated on social mixing in public housing estates (Atkinson and Kintrea, 2000; Cole and Shayer, 1998) and there has been little exploration of the social mixing occurring in new build developments. Does Gentrification bring about social mixing? Contrary to the assumptions which link gentrification to improved social mixing, most research suggests that gentrification is likely to reduce social mixing at the neighbourhood level. Interviews conducted by Butler (1997), and Butler and Robson (2001; 2003) suggest that local middle-income gentrifiers engaged in little social interaction with lower-income residents. Their research found that gentrifiers generally sought out people with similar cultural and political interests which often lead to little interaction between middle and low-income residents. Accordingly, they found that interaction was greatest in areas where gentrification had homogenised an area and pushed out other groups. In areas where this had not occurred, Butler and Robson (2001) reported that, the difference between tenants resulted in tectonic juxtapositions which polarised social groups rather than integrating them. In their later research, Butler and Robson (2003) not only reinforced their earlier findings but found that children formed a key facilitator in resident integration: there was no evidence that the children played outside these middle class networks, our fieldwork strongly suggests that the middle class preschool clubs were highly exclusionary of non-middle class children (Butler and Robson, 2003:128) Although Butler and Robsons research rightly questions the role of gentrification in a policy discourse which looks to foster a sustainable urban environment it does so primarily through the experiences of the gentrifier. Davidsons (under review) research of new build, middle income development on the River Thames, London engaged with both gentrifier and non-gentrifier to reinforce scepticism over the ability of housing type to influence class relations. Davidson found no evidence to suggest that any of the developments desired outcomes had been achieved through the introduction of a middle class population. Both the temporary nature of new build residents and the spatially segregated nature of the development itself meant the development fostered little integration between low and middle income residents who do not work in the same place, use the same transport or frequent same restaurants or pubs. In a similar study Freeman (2006) researched two black gentrifying neighbourhoods in New York City. Like Davidson, Freeman found that social networks rarely crossed and that gentrifiers and longer term residents generally moved in different spaces. Additionally, Freeman experienced that residents were hesitant to pass comment on social mixing, they rarely expressed their opinions in overly positive or negative tones. In accordance with this literature it seems unrealistic to assume that different social groups will integrate when living together. As some of the authors have highlighted, increased neighbourhood diversity does not correlate with increased social interaction and can in some cases promote social conflict as much as it does social harmony. Mention how its all based on a class representation of society The mixed communities policy agenda has been used to help improve inequality in social housing (estates managed by local authorities, housing associations, and other non-profit housing agencies) and more controversially to regenerate social housing. This concentration on social housing comes out of a Since its conception social housing in the UK has experienced slow residualisation a tendency to house only certain types of household; the poor, unemployed, those in debt, with a history of mental illness and experiencing a relationship breakdown (Cole and Furbey, 1994). For much of social housings history this process has been ignored and consequently has been accompanied by a sorting process forcing the most vulnerable households into the most unattractive housing (Willmott and Murie, 1988). MIXED COMMUNITIES DEFINE EVERYDAY EXPERIENCE what is encapsulated within this? Social interactionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Previous Studies There are three studies which are relevant to this research. They examine the impact of mixed community housing on social interaction: Atkinson and Kintrea (2000) conducted an exploratory study which analysed diaries made by 38 households. The research suggested that patterns of social life vary by tenure and as such little interaction occurred between residents of owner occupied housing and social housing tenants. The neighbourhood was seen as a focus of interaction for social housing residents only. Cole and Shavers (1998b) survey of 52 residents in a new build, mixed-tenure redevelopment in Sheffield again found only weakly developed social networks. Jupps (1999:10-11) analysis of interviews with over 1,000 residents living in ten-mixed-tenure estates in England, concluded that the street is a more significant social unit than the estate. The case studies analysed often had social and private housing located on different streets and consequently there was little mixing reported between the two groups. Jupp reported that fostering social interaction would extremely difficult because of the overwhelming belief between residents: they do not think that they share many common interests with their neighbours. Individually these studies offer little scope, but taken together they provide a consistent view that mixed tenure developments foster little social interaction between residents of different social backgrounds. However, it must be realised that these studies only examine the grass-roots neighbourhood, that is to say that they often ignore the way external perceptions have defining role in the developments success. Atkinson and Kintrea (2000) identify it as a key area for future research when they report that residents welcomed the influx of higher income residents because they improve the reputation and appearance of the area. There is one fundamental understanding that underpins urban policy in the UK; as stated in the foreword of the Urban White Paper: How we live our lives is shaped by where we live our lives

Developing a Responsive Police Organisation Essay -- Police Organizati

"Nearly all men can stand adversity, but if you want to test a man's character, give him power." -- Abraham Lincoln INTRODUCTION The responsibility to maintain a peaceful society is shared by each level of government; local, state, and federal. However, because crime is an immediate threat to the communities, the police have a highly visible and primary role in overcoming the threat and fear of crime. The process of policing a democratic society is complex and due to this fact, a police department is probably one of the most difficult public institutions to manage effectively. It is therefore important to have processes that are critical to operating police departments and their commitments in securing peace in the society. In order to understand the field of police administrations, one has to look further beyond the dynamism and complexity aspects of the field. Laws are constantly modified, the environments police officers regulate in continually change, new problems regularly occur, and administrative practices that were once treated as gospels are now facing constantly modifications, often challenged and in some cases, discarded. The terrorist attacks of the World Trade Center on September 11, 2001, have significantly changed the ways police departments police globally. The primary mission of police in local communities has become somewhat blurred as community policing efforts from the last decade fade to the emergence of security checks, intelligence gathering, and participation in join terrorism task forces. Police organisations are now facing ever changing ordeals that require the administrators to change the ways policing is performed, by which creating a more open and responsive organisation through the positiv... ...on, 2008. - Vol. 01. Blackler John Historical Influences on Australian Policing [Article] // Violence and Police Culture. - [s.l.] : Melbourne University Press. Chan Janet B. L. Changing Police Culture [Article]. Wainwright Elsina Police Join the Front Line [Article] // ASPI Strategic Insights. - 2004. - pp. 1-12. Westmarland Louise Police Ethics and Integrity: Breaking the Blue Code of Silence [Journal] // Policing and Society: An International Journal of Research and Policy. - 2005. - 2 : Vol. 15. - pp. 145-165. Wimshurst Kerry and Allard Troy Criminal Justice Education, Employment Destinations, and Graduate Satisfaction [Journal] // The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Criminology. - 2007. - 2 : Vol. 40. - pp. 218-235. Wong Kam C. The Philosophy of Community Policing in China [Journal] // Police Quarterly. - 2001. - 2 : Vol. 4. - pp. 186-214. Developing a Responsive Police Organisation Essay -- Police Organizati "Nearly all men can stand adversity, but if you want to test a man's character, give him power." -- Abraham Lincoln INTRODUCTION The responsibility to maintain a peaceful society is shared by each level of government; local, state, and federal. However, because crime is an immediate threat to the communities, the police have a highly visible and primary role in overcoming the threat and fear of crime. The process of policing a democratic society is complex and due to this fact, a police department is probably one of the most difficult public institutions to manage effectively. It is therefore important to have processes that are critical to operating police departments and their commitments in securing peace in the society. In order to understand the field of police administrations, one has to look further beyond the dynamism and complexity aspects of the field. Laws are constantly modified, the environments police officers regulate in continually change, new problems regularly occur, and administrative practices that were once treated as gospels are now facing constantly modifications, often challenged and in some cases, discarded. The terrorist attacks of the World Trade Center on September 11, 2001, have significantly changed the ways police departments police globally. The primary mission of police in local communities has become somewhat blurred as community policing efforts from the last decade fade to the emergence of security checks, intelligence gathering, and participation in join terrorism task forces. Police organisations are now facing ever changing ordeals that require the administrators to change the ways policing is performed, by which creating a more open and responsive organisation through the positiv... ...on, 2008. - Vol. 01. Blackler John Historical Influences on Australian Policing [Article] // Violence and Police Culture. - [s.l.] : Melbourne University Press. Chan Janet B. L. Changing Police Culture [Article]. Wainwright Elsina Police Join the Front Line [Article] // ASPI Strategic Insights. - 2004. - pp. 1-12. Westmarland Louise Police Ethics and Integrity: Breaking the Blue Code of Silence [Journal] // Policing and Society: An International Journal of Research and Policy. - 2005. - 2 : Vol. 15. - pp. 145-165. Wimshurst Kerry and Allard Troy Criminal Justice Education, Employment Destinations, and Graduate Satisfaction [Journal] // The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Criminology. - 2007. - 2 : Vol. 40. - pp. 218-235. Wong Kam C. The Philosophy of Community Policing in China [Journal] // Police Quarterly. - 2001. - 2 : Vol. 4. - pp. 186-214.

How Far Will Microsoft Get? :: essays research papers

How Far Will Microsoft Get?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The first question that we must ask is, â€Å"How dangerous is Microsoft?† There are two chief groups as the objects of that question – that of Microsoft’s product consumers and that of Microsoft’s competitors. A distinction must be made between the two when answering such a question due to the extreme differences between both. Whether a decision or action made by Microsoft is beneficial or not to one of the two does not mean that it’s true for the other. Often times the opposite is true. In fact, most consumers barely regard Microsoft as the dangerous monsters some view them to be. What Microsoft leads their consumers to believe is that their product is superior, and more affordable. Many competitors have voiced cries of monopolistic abuse saying that Microsoft unfairly exploits it’s ownership of the personal computer operating system. One of the main complaints they have is with the Microsoft ownership of the actual base operating system of all Windows computers: MS-DOS. Bill Gates, the chairman and co-founder of Microsoft, has done an excellent job of hiding DOS behind his company’s Windows software. Together, DOS and Windows have had an incredible influence on the computer world taking almost 95% of the personal computers on the market. Because of Microsoft’s dominance in these two areas of personal computing the company receives an advantage that is essential in determining the danger Microsoft exhibits toward their competitors. Bill Gates tightened his grasp on the industry through an ingenious deal he made with PC producers. In the contract, Gates is guaranteed payment for every computer shipped, regardless of whether or not his operating system was installed in the computer. Thus, without paying double, the manufacturers could not install another company’s operating system -- therefore Microsoft was awarded a near monopoly. The title to these two programs, especially Wind ows, provides Microsoft with an unrestricted and exclusive median to promote, feature, and offer its programs. Offering its programs as pre-installed applications of Windows software allows Microsoft to seize a large portion of the software market, especially in the word-processing and spreadsheet division where Microsoft presents its Word and Excel programs. These two applications have been incorporated, along with others, into a package known as Microsoft Office. With this program, Microsoft has captured ninety percent of that market. Furthermore, because Microsoft controls the operating system of the PC, its competitors must render their applications and software compatible with the parameters contrived by Microsoft.

Allegorizations of the Active and Contemplative Lives in Philo, Origen,

Allegorizations of the Active and Contemplative Lives in Philo, Origen, Augustine, and Gregory This paper examines the allegorical interpretations given to several Scriptural pairs as they relate to the idea of the active and contemplative lives in Philo, Origen, Augustine, and Gregory. As will be shown, Augustine combines elements found in the two previous writers to form his allegory of the two wives of Jacob as representative of the active and contemplative lives. In Philo, most of the essential elements of later Christian thought on the active and contemplative lives are already present. The superiority of the contemplative life is given at the beginning of his treatise on it: "I have discussed the Essenes, who persistently pursued the active life and excelled in all or, to put it more moderately, in most of its departments. I will now proceed at once in accordance with the sequence required by the subject to say what is needed about those who embraced the life of contemplation" (De Vita Cont. 1 [471]). The idea that the contemplative life follows upon the active is also present here, and is elaborated elsewhere: "... infants have one place and full grown men another. The one is named ascetic training and the other is called wisdom... For what life is better than a contemplative life, or more appropriate to a rational being?" (De Migr. Abr. 9 [443]). Both the active and contemplative lives are virtuous, but the contemplative is the more matur e and fuller expression of the life of wisdom; it should, however, only be practiced once the former has been used as a training ground. Philo allegorizes Leah and Rachel in several related ways in his works (cf. Sly, 163-74). At one point he identifies Rachel with bodily beauty, ... ... moves away. She loves to contemplate her lovely eyes; I love to use my hands to adorn myself: her joy is in reflection, mine in act." (Purgatorio xxvii, 101-08, [Musa trans.]) What has been called "the breadth of [Augustine's] vision and the lyrical exaltation of his language" (Mason, 45) has cast a long shadow indeed. Works Cited * Butler, D. C. Western Mysticism: The Teaching of Augustine, Gregory and Bernard on Contemplation and the Contemplative Life. 2nd ed. New York: Harper & Row, 1966. * Mason, M. E. Active Life and Contemplative Life: A Study of the Concepts from Plato to the Present. Milwaukee: Marquette University Press, 1961. * Runia, D. T. Philo in Early Christian Literature: A Survey. Assen: Van Gorcum/Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 1993. * Sly, D. Philo's Perception of Women. Atlanta: Scholars Press, 1990.